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SOFTWARE engineering TOOLS SUPPORTING ADISSA METHODOLOGY FOR systems-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 1990年第5期32卷 357-369页

作者： SHOVAL, P MANOR, O Computer and Information Systems Program Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer Sheva 84105 Israel.

In software engineering, computer-aided software engineering tools are used to implement the methodologies of development in an automated or semiautomated environment. A number of tools are presented that were developed to support ADISSA (Architectural Design of Information systems Based on Structure Analysis), a comprehensive methodology that treats analysis, design, and data modeling aspects as stages of a continuous process. This methodology covers in a unified way the stages of functional analysis, transactions (process) design, interface design, database schema design, input-output design, and structured prototyping. The personal computer-based ADISSA-supporting tools provide an automated environment that enables the analysts or designers, who work according to the methodology, to draw hierarchical dataflow diagrams and check their correctness, to design the transactions of the systems, the interface - a menu-tree - and the database schema, and to maintain an integrated data dictionary.

关键词： CASE tools database design interface design methodology software engineering structured analysis and design system development methodology

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Appropriate Automation – Integrating Technical, Human, Organizational, Economic, and Cultural Factors

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1990年第8期23卷 1-19页

作者： T. Martin J. Kivinen J.E. Rijnsdorp M.G. Rodd W.B. Rouse Manufacturing Technologies Program Management Agency Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe Karlsruhe FRG Corporate Information Systems Neste Oy Espoo Finland Department of Chemical Technology Twente University of Technology Enschede The Netherlands Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College of Swansea Swansea UK Search Technology Inc. Norcross Georgia USA

Automation technology, including digital computer and communication techniques, is being applied in an ever-increasing range of private and public spheres, also reaching third-world cultures not previously exposed to such technology. This invokes the engineer's responsibility to consider the direct and indirect effects caused by this technology. The question is when and how to include these factors in the design and implementation process, prospectively avoiding bad effects and still fulfilling the goals imposed on the engineer by his client. To be able to carry that responsibility and make proper design decisions, the engineer must both understand 'appropriateness' within a given boundary, and have decision authority together with other parties participating in the design. Whereas sound methodologies for user-centred design are appearing, anticipating and considering the cultural effects of automation is an area going far beyond engineering. Nevertheless, engineers should get more deeply involved in comprehensive technology assessment. Encouraging experiences show how novel design approaches and consideration of comprehensive sets of requirements can lead to better overall system performance, but much research on open questions remains to be done.

关键词： Social effects of automation man-machine systems human factors organizational, economic, and cultural factors manufacturing processes process industries human-centred design socio-technical design

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PRODUCTIVITY - HOW TO ORGANIZE THE management AND HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第6期102卷 26-34页

作者： CHIRILLO, LD USN (RET.) is known for teaching modern management science applied for shipyard operations. His clients include firms and government agencies in the United States Canada the Peoples Republic of China the United Kingdom Australia New Zealand and Spain. His unique insight comes from sixteen years as a manager for the United States government/industry National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP). In that capacity he specialized in identifying the logic and principles of the flexible manufacturing approach applied by the world's foremost manager of shipyards Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. (IHI) of Japan. The author's previous experiences include management of: engineering and inspection activities for a naval supervisor of shipbuilding ship maintenance as a member of a naval operating staff production planning engineering and material matters in both public and private shipyards research projects for the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ships (currently Naval Sea Systems Command) and engineering plants in both merchant and naval ships.

Without acceptance of a product work breakdown structure for the construction, modernization and overhaul of ships, a shipyard will not enter what is now being called the information age. With too few exceptions, top managers have yet to demonstrate the knowledge, courage, and leadership required to reorganize and remold entrenched middle managers who are functional specialists, each concerned with a parochial interest. The information age requires generalists who are dedicated to constantly improving entire manufacturing systems. As means to encourage adoption of a product work breakdown structure, this paper discusses: a basic product organization, its benefits, and its unique ability to generate data, without which a manager is not in full charge of a shipyard, public or private.

关键词： Shipyards

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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY LOGISTICS SUPPORT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 111-118页

作者： HOUTS, RE The Author:is the director of the Advanced Logistics Technology Division in the Naval Supply Systems Command (NavSup) Engineering and Quality Directorate. He is responsible for managing Nav-Sup's lead role Navy-wide in the research and development of techniques processes and systems to improve Navy readiness and productivity. In this role his office serves as the Navy's Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Support (CALS) primary support office. Mr. Houts has more than 19 years of government service as a career logistics manager including a year-long assignment in OSD. Prior to being selected for the senior executive service in December 1985 and accepting his current position Mr. Houts spent 15 years at the Naval Air System Command. He has had extensive experience in logistics program initiation on major aircraft systems and in the development of contractual documents to implement logistics programs. He holds a B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan and an M.S. degree in systems management from the University of Southern California.

In the face of present and foreseeable budget constraints which will severely restrict the amount of funding available to provide logistics support to the Navy's operating forces, the Naval Supply systems Command's Advanced Logistics Technology Division is actively pursuing a number of efforts to apply current and emerging technology to improve logistics systems and methodologies. The engineering Data management Information and Control System (EDMICS) program will automate the technical information process from initial acquisition through delivery to the end user, addressing the inability of current paper-based systems to cope with the tidal wave of information requirements for the effective management of weapon and logistics systems. Rapid Acquisition of Manufactured Parts (RAMP) program is applying computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technology to the production of spare parts which are normally available only at great cost and with extensive lead time. The Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability program (SHARP) will standardize electronic system hardware (i.e., modules, power supplies, enclosures and batteries) to decrease development and logistics costs, while providing dramatic increases in component and system reliability. The Integrated Diagnostic Support System (IDSS) project is integrating diagnostic design into the weapon system development process to enhance the ability of the organizational level technician to detect and isolate system/equipment failures. This paper discusses each of these ongoing projects as well as a number of new initiatives being explored for future funding.

关键词： Military engineering

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MAGNETIC SURVEYING FOR BURIED METALLIC OBJECTS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第3期10卷 204-211页

作者： BARROWS, L ROCCHIO, JE Larry Barrows received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines in 1973 and 1978 respectively. He has worked as a systems engineer on Skylab remote-sensing experiments and as an exploration geophysicist in frontier areas of Alaska. Since 1979 he has specialized in geophysical surveying for ground water and hazardous waste site investigations first as the project geophysicist on a radioactive waste disposal program and then as a research scientist for the U.S. EPA. In 1988 he joined Earth Science and Engineering Inc. and LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Meters Inc. (4807 Spicewood Springs Rd. Bldg. 2 Austin TX 78759). Current projects include using microgravity to detect solution conduits in karst terrains and using seismicgroundroll to determine near-surface shear moduli. Judith E. Rocchio is the future air resource specialist on the Stanislaus National Forest (1977 Greenley Rd. Sonora CA 95370). She will obtain the position upon completion of her M.A. degree in air resource management at Colorado State University Department of Natural Resources (1990). She was with Lockheed Engineering Management Services Co. Las Vegas Nevada prior to attending CSU where she was involved in several environmental monitoring programs and coauthored the paper with Dr. Barrows. From 1981 to 1986 Rocchio was a project geologist for Gower Oil Co. and Consolidation Coal Co. Denver Colorado. She received her B.S. in geology (1981) from the University of Nevada Las Vegas.

Field tests were conducted to determine representative total-intensity magnetic anomalies due to the presence of underground storage tanks and 55-gallon steel drums. Three different drums were suspended from a non-magnetic tripod and the underlying field surveyed with each drum in an upright and a flipped plus rotated orientation. At drum-to-sensor separations of 11 feet, the anomalies had peak values of around 50 gammas and half-widths about equal to the drum-to-sensor separation. Remanent and induced magnetizations were comparable; crushing one of the drums significantly reduced both. A profile over a single underground storage tank had a 1000-gamma anomaly, which was similar to the modeled anomaly due to an infinitely long cylinder horizontally magnetized perpendicular to its axis. A profile over two adjacent tanks had a smooth 350-gamma single-peak anomaly even though models of two tanks produced dual-peaked anomalies. Demagnetization could explain why crushing a drum reduced its induced magnetization and why two adjacent tanks produced a single-peak anomaly. A 40-acre abandoned landfill was surveyed on a 50- by 100-foot rectangular grid and along several detailed profiles. The observed field had broad positive and negative anomalies that were similar to modeled anomalies due to thickness variations in a layer of uniformly magnetized material. It was not comparable to the anomalies due to induced magnetization in multiple, randomly located, randomly sized, independent spheres, suggesting that demagnetization may have limited the effective susceptibility of the landfill material. A different 6-acre site survey conducted on a 10- by 10-foot grid was analyzed to determine the maximum station spacing and line separation that could have been used. Essentially, all of the anomalies at this site would have been resolved by a survey conducted on a 20- by 20-foot grid and the larger anomalies would have been detected by a 50- by 50-foot grid.

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THE SURFACE SHIP MAINTENANCE CHALLENGE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 73-81页

作者： JACOBS, KS SMITH, BD Kenneth S. Jacobs:is the acting director of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Surface Ship Maintenance Office. Originally trained as a data systems technician he attended Old Dominion University in Norfolk Virginia graduating with a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering in 1975. Over the course of the last 13 years Mr. Jacobs has served in NavSea as a project engineer for boats and service craft the type desk for AFS AOR AO and AOG ship types and as manager of the Amphibious and Auxiliary Ship Maintenance Strategy Program where he was instrumental in the development and implementation of the Phased Maintenance Program. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi. Bertram D. Smith Jr.:is a vice president of American Management Systems Inc. and engineering technical director of its defense business unit. He received his B.S. in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1957 and his M.S. and naval engineer degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963. His experience includes shipboard operational engineering shipyard production planning and conversion project management carrier type commander maintenance engineering NavSea program management and private sector engineering management consulting. A member of ASNE since 1961 he is also a member of ASME and SNAME.

Current and projected future reductions in fleet maintenance funding are compelling the issue of ship maintenance requirements to be rethought on many different levels within the Navy. The Surface Ship Maintenance Office (SSMO) in the Naval Sea systems Command has been involved with many different aspects of the problem. Recognizing the two different aspects of the challenge — doing the right things and doing things right — SSMO has been involved with improvements to front-end maintenance planning: doing the right things. These improvements are being formulated for action on three different levels. The first level involves changes to maintenance management philosophy, dealing with maintenance as a technology subject to systematic processes. The second level involves specific NavSea initiatives to strengthen the technical basis for maintenance requirements. The third level involves actions available to the fleet itself to provide relief. Today's surface ship maintenance funding environment provides both a challenge and an opportunity for improvement. The challenge is to adapt successfully to constrained maintenance resources; the opportunity is to pioneer new approaches to make this possible and establish the precedent for years to come. The groundwork necessary has been laid and work to meet the challenge has begun.

关键词： Naval Vessels

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TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION management IN THE ERA OF THE PAPERLESS SHIP

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 61-72页

作者： CHICKERING, JE QUALLS, WB John E. Chickering:is a systems analyst with American Management Systems Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Chickering received his BS degree in marine engineering from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point New York in 1981 and his MBA degree in operations research and statistics from the University of Maryland in 1985. He is a licensed third assistant engineer of steam and motor vessels and a member of the Naval Reserve. Mr. Chickering's work includes the design and specification of several management information systems for the U.S. Navy including one that will automate the Navy's engineering drawing management system. Most recently Mr. Chickering has helped develop a workstation for the Navy's Paperless Ship Initiative. William B. Quails:is a management consultant with American Management Systems Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Quails received his BA degree in English from the Tulane University in New Orleans Louisiana in 1977 and his MPA degree in management science from the University of Georgia in 1982. Mr. Quails participated in the design and development of the U.S. Navy's Shipboard Non-tactical ADP Program II (SNAP II). Recently Mr. Quails has participated in the design and development of several knowledge-based computer systems using artificial intelligence programming technologies. Mr. Quails is a member of Pi Alpha Alpha an honorary public affairs and administration society.

The U.S. Navy relies heavily on advanced technology to carry out its missions. As a consequence, today's sailors are spending increasing amounts of time maintaining and repairing complex systems and equipment. In performing these duties, sailors depend on supporting technical documentation. As the complexity of systems and equipment grow, the volume and complexity of this technical documentation also increases. As a result, technical information, one of the Navy's critical resources, is simultaneously becoming more vital and more difficult to use. The Navy is meeting this challenge by exploring innovative approaches to the management of technical documentation. One example is the Paperless Ship Initiative, which employs optical disk technology as the primary means for document storage. Optical disks can store large volumes of technical information in a small space. One way to take advantage of this auto mated access is to make technical information more readily accessible and easier to use. As an example, a technical manual can be organized on an optical disk into discrete segments of text and indexed for fast retrieval by section, subsection, or paragraph. Furthermore, mechanisms can be developed which allow computer-supported links between logically related segments of the text. This style of interface allows a user to interact directly with the textual passages and to establish new organizational and referential links between them. This style of interface falls under the general category of hypertext (also known as linked text ). The combination of optical disk storage and hypertext offers new possibilities for improving access to large volumes of technical documentation while maintaining all of the advantages of traditional paper-based documentation. This paper begins with a discussion of the need for better technical documentation support. Alternatives that can fulfill this need are reviewed and the role of hypertext is described. The paper illustrates a sample

关键词： Information Retrieval systems

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STANDARD HARDWARE ACQUISITION AND RELIABILITY program - CONCEPTS, BENEFITS, AND POTENTIAL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 231-239页

作者： WEAVER, LW The author:is a program manager with Naval Weapons Support Center Crane Indiana. Mr. Weaver graduated from Indiana State University in 1969 where he received a B.S. degree with a mathematics major and a minor in physics. He began his career with the Naval Weapons Support Center in 1969 where he worked as a physicist and as an electronics engineer before entering various management positions. In the past ten years he has provided engineering and technical support to fleet ballistic missile guidance programs and to Navy standard computer and standard signal processor programs. He recently completed an assignment as manager of an electronics systems development division with responsibility for development of electronic control systems for fleet applications using standard electronic modules. Currently he is the program manager for the Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability Program (SHARP) managed through the Naval Sea Systems Command Sea-06. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the Federal Managers Association.

The Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability program (SHARP) includes three major categories of hardware standards. They are Standard Electronic Modules (SEM), Standard Power Supplies (SPS), and Standard Electronic Enclosures (SES). SHARP responsibilities include development and testing of these standards and their integration into electronic systems. The purpose of SHARP is to reduce development, production, and logistics support costs of electronic systems; to improve system operational availability; and to shorten the system acquisition cycle. The basic concepts applied towards this purpose are: functional standardization; functional specification; a disciplined quality program; design flexibility; and emphasis on design for maintenance and repair. The paper describes the application of these concepts in the SHARP program and how they result in: — improved performance and supportability; — multisystem application of functional standards: — standard interfaces between system elements; — competitive procurement of hardware; — improved system readiness; — interchangeability of spares; — introduction of new technology into deployed systems; — improved testability; and — reduced cost to the Department of Defense (DoD). SHARP experience and benefits to the user are described, including specific applications of SHARP hardware in DoD systems and examples of multimillion dollar cost savings to these systems. The status of current SHARP initiatives and potential savings through broader application of SHARP in system developments are then discussed.

关键词： Computer Hardware

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THE QUANTIFICATION OF INTEROPERABILITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 251-256页

作者： MENSH, DR KITE, RS DARBY, PH Dennis Roy Mensh:is currently the task leader Interoperability Project with the MITRE Corporation in McLean Va. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in applied physics from Loyola College in Baltimore Md. and the American University in Washington D. C. He also has completed his course work towards his Ph.D. degree in computer science specializing in the fields of systems analysis and computer simulation. He has been employed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center White Oak Laboratory Silver Spring Md. for 20 years in the areas of weapon system analysis and the development of weapon systems simulations. Since 1978 he has been involved in the development of tools and methodologies that can be applied to the solution of shipboard combat system/battle force system architecture and engineering problems. Mr. Mensh is a member of ASNE MORS IEEE U.S. Naval Institute MAA and the Sigma Xi Research Society. Robert S. Kite:is a systems engineer with the Naval Warfare Systems Engineering Department of the MITRE Corporation in McLean Va. Mr. Kite received his B.S. degree in electronic engineering from The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore Md. Mr. Kite retired from the Federal Communications Commission in 1979 and served a project manager of the J-12 Frequency Management Support Project for the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute in Annapolis Md. before joining MITRE. Mr. Kite is presently a member of ASNE the Military Operations Research Society and an associate member of Sigma Xi. Paul H. Darby:has worked in the field of interoperability both in the development of interoperability concepts and systems since joining the Department of the Navy in 1967. He was the Navy's program manager for the WestPacNorth TACS/ TADS and IFFN systems. He is currently head of the Interoperability Branch Warfare Systems Engineering Office Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. He holds a B.S. from the U.S. Naval Academy.

JCS Pub 1 defines interoperability as “The ability of systems, units or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.” With JCS Pub 1 as a foundation, interoperability of systems, units or forces can be factored into a set of components that can quantify interoperability. These components are: media, languages, standards, requirements, environment, procedures, and human factors. The concept described in this paper uses these components as an analysis tool to enable specific detailed analyses of the interoperability of BFC3 systems, units, or forces for the purpose of uncovering and resolving interoperability issues and problems in the U.S. Navy, Joint, and Allied arenas. Also, as a management tool, the components can help determine potential interoperability characteristics of future U.S. Navy BFC3 systems for compliance with battle force systems architectures. The approach selected for the quantification of interoperability was the development of a set of measures of performance (MOPs) and measures of effectiveness (MOEs). The MOPs/MOEs were integrated with a candidate set of components, which were used to partition the totality of interoperability into measurable entities. The methodology described employs basic truth table theory in conjunction with logic equations to evaluate the interoperability components in terms of MOPs that were aggregated to MOEs. It is believed that this concept, although elementary and based on fundamental principles, represents an operationally significant approach rather than a theoretical approach to the quantification of interoperability. The vehicle used as a means to measure the MOPs and MOEs was the Research Evaluation and systems Analysis (RESA) computer modeling and simulation capability at the Naval Ocean systems Center (NOSC), San Diego, Calif. Data for the measurements were collected during a Tactical I

关键词： Military engineering

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COMPUTER-AIDED engineering AND SHOCK ANALYSIS FOR THE FOUNDATION OF A MODULARIZED VERTICAL LAUNCHING SYSTEM

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第2期101卷 34-43页

作者： WU, PY KANE, HP ELDER, RR REEVE, KM Philip Y. Wu received a B.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from National College of Marine Science and Technology Taiwan and a M.E. degree in naval architecture and offshore engineering from U. C. Berkeley. Prior to joining John J. McMullen Associates Inc. (JJMA) in 1983 he worked on hydrodynamic projects at Brown and Root Inc. Houston and at Baker Marine Engineers Inc. where he developed and designed various classes of offshore jack-up rigs and semisubmersibles. After transferring to the JJMA's Arlington Va. office he focused on U.S. naval ship structural designs. He is currently a senior naval architect and a member of ASNE SNAME and ASME. Harry P. Kane is a senior project engineer in the Ship Modularity Section John J. McMullen Associates Inc. Arlington Va. He has a B.S. degree from Woodbury University and has attended numerous other training programs at the Universities of Nevada California Texas and Virginia. He has been employed as a program management engineer on a wide spectrum of design programs ranging from space booster systems remote sensors underwater acoustic systems ship systems Navy RDT&E management and technical program analysis. Currently he serves as a project leader for the application of modular weapons to different ship design programs. He is a member of the ASNE Journal Committee the Security and Intelligence Foundation and a life member of ASNE and the American Defense Preparedness Association. Robert R. Elder received a B.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan in 1969. He was commissioned an engineering duty officer and served aboard USS Guam (LPH-9) and at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Hyattsville Maryland. Prior to joining John J. McMullen Associates Inc. in 1980 he worked in various ship technical design disciplines at J.J. Henry Inc. and gained program management experience at Booz Allen Applied Research and Scientific Management Associates. He is currently the manager of the Ship M

The major objective of this paper is to describe a computer aided methodology for structural integration and analysis. Using the example of recent work in the installation of modular gun and vertical launch missile systems in warships, the reader is guided through a typical case of computer aided structural design and shock analysis, how the models are defined and tested, how the models are modified in order to be compatible with computer capacity, how structural elements are selected to simplify computations, and finally how the results of these operations are used to define the final product before construction and installation. With the maturation of the computer aided process as applied to the whole ship product, more attention must be focused on improving the individual elements of computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and the integration of these processes and their products through computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The application of the CAE techniques described herein to large maritime systems such as combatant, auxiliary and support, and commercial ships and to other large structures such as semisubmersible and fixed platforms is powerful and highly in demand. There is now a means to optimize large structural systems in terms of their discrete subsystems and components and harmonize the entire design while providing the proper design integrity at each successive level of detail.

关键词： Warships

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