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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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THE ENERGY PROBLEM AND DEFENSE

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第1期86卷 19-27页

作者： SONENSHEIN, RADM. NATHAN USN The author graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in the Class of 1938. His work has included instruction in Naval Construction and Marine Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology leading to a Master of Science degree in 1944 and the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Graduate School of Business in 1964. As an Engineering Duty Officer (EDO) he has served in various Navy commands including the Mare Island Naval Shipyard the former New York Naval Shipyard the USS Philippine Sea (CVA-47) during the Korean War as Chief Engineer and CINCPACFLT and COMSERVPAC Staffs as Fleet and Force Maintenance Officer. Within the Naval Ship Systems Command and its predecessor BUSHIPS his duties have included Director of the Facilities Division Head of the Hull Design Branch Director of the Ship Design Division Assistant Chief for Design Shipbuilding and Fleet Maintenance and as Commander Naval Ship Systems Command from 1969 until 1972. Other duties have included an assignment as the Project Manager for the Navy's Fast Deployment Logistic Ship Project from 1965 to 1967 Deputy Chief of Naval Material for Logistic Support from 1967 to 1969 and Chairman of the Naval Material Command Shipbuilding Council which commenced upon completion of his tour as Commander NAVSHIPS in 1972. On 4 September 1973 he was appointed Director of the Defense Energy Task Group (DETG) and subsequently on 15 November 1973 as Director of Energy for the Department of Defense. A former President of ASNE from 1970 to 1971 he is currently Vice-President of the American Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. In addition he is a member of the honorary engineering society Sigma Xi and listed among those in Who's Who in America.

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The impact of climate change on global wheat production

The impact of climate change on global wheat production

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第七届国际作物科学大会

作者： S.Asseng P.Martre A.Maiorano R.P.Rtter G.O'Leary G.Fitzgerald C.Girousse M.A.Baber M.P.Reynolds A.M.S.Kheir P.J.Thorburn K.Waha A.C.Ruane P.K.Aggarwal M.Ahmed J.Balkovic B.Basso A.Berger C.Biernath M.Bindi D.Cammarano A.J.Challinor G.De Sanctis J.Doltra B.Dumont E.Eyshi Rezaei E.Fereres R.Ferrise M.Garcia-Vila S.Gayler G.Hoogenboom R.C.Izaurralde M.Jabloun C.D.Jones B.T.Kassie K.C.Kersebaum C.Klein A.K.Koehler B.Liu S.Minoli M.Montesino San Martin C.Muller S.Naresh Kumar C.Nendel J.E.Olesen T.Palosuo J.R.Porter E.Priesack D.Ripoche M.A.Semenov C.Stockle P.Stratonovitch T.Streck I.Supit F.Tao M.Van der Velde D.Wallach E.Wang H.Webber J.Wolf P.Woli Z.Zhang Y.Zhu F.Ewert Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department University of Florida UMR GDEC INRAUniversite Blaise Pascal World Food Crops Breeding(wheat & oat) 3105 McCarty Hall BDepartment of AgronomyIFASUniversity of Florida CIMMYT Int.Adpo D.F.Mexico CSIRO Agriculture Flagship CSIRO Queensland Biosci Precinct St Lucia CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food SecurityInternational Water Management Institute Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University Department of agronomy PMAS Arid Agriculture University Comenius University Faculty of Natural ScienceDepartment of Soil Science Department of Geological Sciences Michigan State University W.K.Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences(DISPAA) University of Florence Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds CGIAR-ESSP Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food SecurityInternational Centre for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT) Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation INRES University of Bonn IAS-CSIC and University of Cordoba Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation University of Hohenheim Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center Texas A&M University Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health College of Agriculture Nanjing Agricultural University Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research University of Copenhagen Department of Plant & Environmental Science Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture Indian Agricultural Research InstituteIARI PUSA University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute INRA US1116 AgroClim Computational and Systems Biology Department Rothamsted Research Plant Production Systems & Earth System Science Wageningen University Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natu

The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project has shown that many wheat crop models can simulate grain yields and growth dynamics under a range of growing conditions,but simulation results often *** model uncertainties increase with higher temperatures and with combined increased temperature and CO,however,multi-model ensemble medians have proven with field observations to be a good predictor of observed data under various growing *** multi-model ensemble median simulations showed that global wheat production declines by 6% for each degree of global temperature *** simulated impact is similar to temperature impact assessments using statistical regression methods with aggregated farm *** on the temperature impact study,new simulations of increased temperature were combined with elevated CO and rainfall changes to assess their impact on yield and protein and included the possible role of genetic adaptations to climate change at local,regional and global scales.

关键词： Global foods security Climate change Adaptation Wheat

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CENTENNIAL BANQUET ADDRESS

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Naval Engineers Journal 1988年第4期100卷 95-97页

作者： COSTELLO, ROBERT B. UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (ACQUISITION) Robert B. Costello was nominated by President Reagan to be Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition) in 1987 was confirmed by the Senate and took oath of office in December 1987. Born in New Rochelle New York on June 21 1926 Dr. Costello earned his B.C.E. and M.C.E. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1947 and 1948. He received a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Cornell University in 1951. Dr. Costello enlisted in the Navy in 1944 was recalled to active duty as an officer during the Korean War and retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of captain in 1978. After the Korean War Dr. Costello held a number of positions in advanced research and management specializing in material science aerospace missile testing and engineering. In 1960 Dr. Costello joined the Allison Division of General Motors as Chief of Missile Engineering. Subsequently he con- ducted scientific research in deep ocean engineering and acoustic research at the Defense Research Laboratories. He holds numerous patents in deep ocean materials systems and instrumentation. Dr. Costello then returned to the Allison Division as Director Liabon for the Main Battle Tank Program. Dr. Costello was then assigned to the Delco Electronics Division where he became the Director of Materials Management. In I982 Dr. Costello was appointed the Executive Director Purchasing Activities. for the entire General Motors Corporation. He was responsible for providing new directions and implementing a broad range of new programs throughout General Motors and its suppliers worldwide. He was nominated by President Reagan to be Assbtant Secretary of Defense (Production and Logistics) in October I986 and took oath of office in March 1987. He held thb position until his current appointment.

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Citizen science and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (vol 2, pg 922, 2019)

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NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2019年第11期2卷 1063-1063页

作者： Fritz, Steffen See, Linda Carlson, Tyler Haklay, Mordechai (Muki) Oliver, Jessie L. Fraisl, Dilek Mondardini, Rosy Brocklehurst, Martin Shanley, Lea A. Schade, Sven Wehn, Uta Abrate, Tommaso Anstee, Janet Arnold, Stephan Billot, Matthew Campbell, Jillian Espey, Jessica Gold, Margaret Hager, Gerid He, Shan Hepburn, Libby Hsu, Angel Long, Deborah Maso, Joan McCallum, Ian Muniafu, Maina Moorthy, Inian Obersteiner, Michael Parker, Alison J. Weisspflug, Maike West, Sarah Ecosystem Services and Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Burnaby Canada University College London London UK School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia Australian Citizen Science Association c/o Faculty of Science Partner Engagement and Outreach University of Sydney Sydney Australia University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria Competence Center Citizen Science ETH Zurich and University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Citizen Science Global Partnership Washington DC USA European Citizen Science Association Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Berlin Germany Nelson Institute University of Wisconsin at Madison Madison USA European Commission Joint Research Center Ispra Italy IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Delft The Netherlands World Meteorological Organization Geneva Switzerland Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Canberra Australia Federal Statistical Office – Destatis Wiesbaden Germany UN Environment Programme Nairobi Kenya United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network New York USA CitizenScience.Asia Hong Kong China Yale-NUS College Singapore Singapore University of Dundee Dundee UK Scottish Environment LINK Perth UK Grumets Research Group CREAF Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain African Citizen Science Association Nairobi Kenya Woodrow Wilson Center Washington DC USA Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Berlin Germany Stockholm Environment Institute University of York York UK

Traditional data sources are not sufficient for measuring the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. New and non-traditional sources of data are required. Citizen science is an emerging example of a non-traditional data source that is already making a contribution. In this Perspective, we present a roadmap that outlines how citizen science can be integrated into the formal Sustainable Development Goals reporting mechanisms. Success will require leadership from the United Nations, innovation from National Statistical Offices and focus from the citizen-science community to identify the indicators for which citizen science can make a real contribution.

关键词： Planning

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THE “TRADE—OFF” BETWEEN LEARNING AND INFLATION IN SHIPBUILDING

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Naval Engineers Journal 1978年第4期90卷 23-40页

作者： FRISCH, FRANZ A.P. TODD, CHARLES Dr. Franz A.P. Frischgraduated from the Technical University of Vienna in Austria. He has thirty years' experience in shipbuilding and related subjects. He has worked as a Naval Architect Guarantee Engineer Chief Estimator Production Manager and Director for Shipyard Planning and Maintenance in Austria Denmark Sweden and Germany. In 1956 he was first invited to the United States to testify on foreign cost and production in subsidy cases before the Maritime Administration. From 1957 through 1962 he was associated with several U.S. Naval Architect firms: was Owner's Representative in Europe and Japan conducted studies on transport economy for Venezuela ICC and shipowners and was a consultant for shipyard planning in Brazil and Europe. In 1963 he joined the Staff of the Center for Naval Analysis (CNA) and became Head of the Logistic Section and Study Director. There he originated the FDL ship and ship concept and was assigned as advisor to the Project Manager. From 1968 through 1974 Dr. Frisch was a Faculty member and visiting lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology he lectured on Shipyard Management Ocean Transportation Systems Theory in Transportation and in Interdisciplinary Seminars. In 1972 and 1973 he was consultant to Dubai Drydock. Ltd. for layout of a new shipyard in the Arabian Gulf but since 1973 he has been with the Naval Sea Systems Command mostly involved in special projects. Dr. Frisch is also Adj. Professor for Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (VPI) where he teaches graduate courses in Advanced Engineering Economy and Management Concepts. Mr. Charles Toddis a graduate of Howard University School of Engineering Washington D.C where he has also pursued his graduate work. He has fifteen years' experience in New Construction Shipbuilding Acquisition Programs concentrating in the areas of Major Ship Class Project Engineering and Program Management. He worked in this capacity on the LSD 36 and 37 Class ships and in the Special Craft Section of the Combatant Craft

Learning leads to a decrease in program cost and inflation leads to an increase in program cost. At a certain time, the benefits of leaming and the penalty due to inflation will balance each other. This time is defined as the “critical time.” The “critical tune” depends upon the number of ships to be built because this determines the possible gain in learning. The “Critical time” also depends upon the assumed inflation, upon the achievable learning rate, and upon the material/labor ratio of the first ship. Learning expectation can be influenced by planning and the material/labor ration by a make– or buydecision. Assumptions on future learning are as vague as assumptions on inflation. The paper shows that it is almost impossible to beat inflation. It shows that accelerated programs are preferable and that make—decisions supersede the value of buy—decisions. The result is derived from an abstract treatment of the subject. © 1978 American Society of Naval Engineers

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THE USE OF MAINTENANCE DATA TO IMPROVE FLEET MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

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Naval Engineers Journal 1978年第6期90卷 25-36页

作者： REINES, J. MCCORMICK, J.P. Mr. J. Reinesis a Program Manager with ARINC Research Corporation an Annapolis Md. based consulting engineering corporation where in addition to management of DDEOC development he is responsible for the acquisition and direction of the Company's work in support of operational ships and ship systems. Before joining ARINC Research he worked for the newly formed Litton Advanced Marine Technology Division. where as Manager System Engineering and Analysis and Director System Assurance he had responsibilities in a variety of areas including Reliability Maintainability Human. Engineering System Safety Operations Analysis and the operational and maintenance training of LHA I and DD 963 Class Navy crews. Mr. Reines received his BS degree from Columbia University in 1951 after his service in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Machinist Mate/Combat Air Crewman. During his 27–year career since then he has worked in the automotive and aerospace industries and as a Consultant to industry and the military. Mr. John P. McCormickis a Principal Engineer and Group Manager in ARINC Research Corporation's Ships and Ordnance Division. He has been with ARINC Research since 1963 when he joined the Company to participate in reliability studies of NASA's SATURN Launch Vehicle. He was Project Leader of a comprehensive study of the Air Force Jet Engine Maintenance Management Program has conducted a number of studies involving the use of Army Maintenance Data and has considerable experience in the use and analysis of Navy Maintenance Data. Currently he is managing a number of projects involving the analysis of Navy Destroyer and Submarine Maintenance Information. Mr. McCormick received his BS degree in Physics from St. Bonaventure University in 1959. after which he was employed by the U.S. Naval Propellant Plant as an Internal Ballistics Specialist.

The purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the value of using historical Navy maintenance data in analyses for developing improved Fleet maintenance practices. The Navy produces great volumes of maintenance and maintenance—related data on its ships, ship systems, and equipments. Analyses of these data by persons familiar with the intricacies of the data and the systems involved can provide the information and insight needed to evaluate present practices and develop improved Fleet maintenance. This paper identifies specific data elements, together with their sources, that have proven to be most useful. Capabilities of the data are highlighted, and the general analysis approach is described. A number of case studies are presented to trace the use of various data elements from their source, through analysis, to the requirements for improved maintenance practices. © 1978 American Society of Naval Engineers

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Transdermal nanolipoplex simultaneously inhibits subcutaneous melanoma growth and suppresses systemically metastatic melanoma by activating host immunity

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Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2023年 47卷 102628-102628页

作者： Chen, Chia-Hung Weng, Tzu-Han Chuang, Cheng-Hsun Huang, Kai-Yao Huang, Sih-Cheng Chen, Pin-Rong Huang, Hsiao-Hsuan Huang, Ling-Ya Shen, Pei-Chun Chuang, Po-Ya Huang, Hsiao-Yen Wu, Yi-Syuan Chang, Hao-Chiun Weng, Shun-Long Liao, Kuang-Wen Department of Medical Research Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu City30071 Taiwan Dependent of Medical Education MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei10449 Taiwan Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan Industrial Development Graduate Program of College of Biological Science and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan Department of Medicine MacKay Medical College New Taipei City25245 Taiwan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu City30071 Taiwan MacKay Junior College of Medicine Nursing and Management Taipei City11260 Taiwan Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center College of Dental Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University School of Dentistry Graduate Institute of Medicine College of Medicine Center for Cancer Research Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City80708 Taiwan Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan City70101 Taiwan Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30068 Taiwan

Benefit for clinical melanoma treatments, the transdermal neoadjuvant therapy could reduce surgery region and increase immunotherapy efficacy. Using lipoplex (Lipo-PEG-PEI-complex, LPPC) encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) and carrying CpG oligodeoxynucleotide;the transdermally administered nano-liposomal drug complex (LPPC-DOX-CpG) would have high cytotoxicity and immunostimulatory activity to suppress systemic metastasis of melanoma. LPPC-DOX-CpG dramatically suppressed subcutaneous melanoma growth by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and recruiting immune cells into the tumor area. Animal studies further showed that the colonization and growth of spontaneously metastatic melanoma cells in the liver and lung were suppressed by transdermal LPPC-DOX-CpG. Furthermore, NGS analysis revealed IFN-γ and NF-κB pathways were triggered to recruit and activate the antigen-presenting-cells and effecter cells, which could activate the anti-tumor responses as the major mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effect of LPPC-DOX-CpG. Finally, we have successfully proved transdermal LPPC-DOX-CpG as a promising penetrative carrier to activate systemic anti-tumor immunity against subcutaneous and metastatic tumor. © 2022

关键词： Tumors

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Industry Transformations for High Service Provisioning with Lower Energy and Material Demand: A Review of Models and Scenarios

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期49卷 249-279页

作者： Dominik Wiedenhofer Jan Streeck Frauke Wiese Elena Verdolini Alessio Mastrucci Yiyi Ju Benigna Boza-Kiss Jihoon Min Jonathan Norman Hanspeter Wieland Nuno Bento María Fernanda Godoy León Leticia Magalar Andreas Mayer Simone Gingrich Ayami Hayashi Joni Jupesta Gamze Ünlü Leila Niamir Tao Cao Marianne Zanon-Zotin Barbara Plank Johan Vélez-Henao Eric Masanet Volker Krey Keigo Akimoto Arnulf Grubler Bas van Ruijven Stefan Pauliuk 1Institute of Social Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria email: Dominik.Wiedenhofer@boku.ac.at 2Department for Sustainable Energy Transition Europa-Universität Flensburg Flensburg Germany 3Law Department University of Brescia Brescia Italy 4Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC Foundation) Lecce Italy 5RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment Milan Italy 6International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria 7Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Tokyo Japan 8Institute for Future Initiatives University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan 9School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom 10University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE) Lisbon Portugal 11Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium 12Centre for Energy and Environmental Economics (Cenergia) Energy Planning Program (PPE) COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil 13Department of Geography University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria 14Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth Kizugawa Japan 15Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability United Nations University Shibuya Japan 16Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands 17Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany 18Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 19Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Developing transformative pathways for industry's compliance with international climate targets requires model-based insights into how supply- and demand-side measures affect industry, material cycles, global supply chains, socioeconomic activities, and service provisioning that support societal well-being. We review the recent literature modeling the industrial system in low energy and material demand futures, which mitigates environmental impacts without relying on risky future negative emissions and technological fixes. We identify 77 innovative studies drawing on nine distinct industry modeling traditions. We critically assess system definitions and scopes, biophysical and thermodynamic consistency, granularity and heterogeneity, and operationalization of demand and service provisioning. We find that combined supply- and demand-side measures could reduce current economy-wide material use by 56%, energy use by 40% to 60%, and greenhouse gas emissions by 70% to net zero. We call for strengthened interdisciplinary collaborations between industry modeling traditions and demand-side research to produce more insightful scenarios, and we discuss challenges and recommendations for this emerging field.

关键词： climate change mitigation sustainable resource use integrated assessment modeling IAM ecological economics industrial ecology

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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK STUDY” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL systems

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Naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work Study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work Study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work Study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work Study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of Naval Engineers

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