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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK STUDY” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL systems

Naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work Study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work Study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work Study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work Study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of Naval Engineers

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The Navy Standard Hardware program

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第5期86卷 79-91页

作者： MERZ, JOHN A. The author graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1955 at which time he received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering. He is presently the Program Manager for Microcircuit Developments and Advanced Modular Concepts at the Naval Electronic Systems Command where previously he had been the Program Manager for the Standard Hardware Program responsible for the overall financial administrative and technical management of the program. He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and a registered Professional Engineer in the District of Columbia.

The Standard Hardware program represents the start of an endeavor to standardize the modular building blocks of all Navy solid state electronic systems. When fully expanded, this vital program will lower the cost and increase the availability of electronic systems for the operating forces. The administrative, electrical and mechanical principles of the program are explained. It is shown that forecasting and controlling system costs can be simplified because: 1) the characteristics of the standard modules are known quantities;2) the designs have been tested;3) Vendors have been qualified, and 4) production costs are known and stable. The impact on maintenance and training is discussed as a function of using modules that are inexpensive enough so that they can be economically discarded upon failure. Statistics derived from Fleet operations are shown to illustrate much better than average reliability for the standard modules. © 1974 American Society of Naval Engineers

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Cogas—A New Look for Naval Propulsion

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第5期86卷 41-56页

作者： Abbott, Jack W. Baham, Gary J. Head of the Systems Engineering Section Naval Ship Engineering Center. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and was then commissioned in the U.S. Navy serving as Engineering Officer in the USS Braine (DD-630). Upon completion of his active duty assignments he entered industry as a Development Engineer and became involved with marine application of gas turbine and fluid power systems. In 1966 he assumed full responsibility for the installation design and equipment acceptance tests of the gas turbine generator/waste-heat boiler system for the DDH-280 Class Destroyer including all associated controls ducting and silencing equipment. In 1970 he became Manager of the DD-963 Auxiliary Power “Trade-Off” Study which resulted in significant modification to the electric steam and compressed air systems. A registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and the holder of several patents he is presently enrolled in the Masters Program at George Washington University in Engineering Administration. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME and currently holds the rank of Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Head of the Mechanical Systems Department Washington D. C. Office of George G. Sharp Inc. He received his BS degree in Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career started in the design and development of turbomachinery for commercial and marine applications with the Douglas Aircraft Co. He subsequently was employed by the Southern California Edison Co. and later the Turbo-Power and Marine Department of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in development of power systems for marine and electrical generation applications. At Litton Ship Systems Inc. he participated in development of propulsion power train machinery for the DD-963 and LHA ship programs. He is a member of SNAME a registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and is currently completing requirements for a Masters

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THE MAINTENANCE engineering ANALYSIS, A VITAL LINK BETWEEN THE DESIGN ENGINEER AND FLEET SUPPORT

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第1期86卷 84-94页

作者： MARCUCILLI, T.J. HENDRICKSON, M.L. Mr. Theodore J. Marcucilli received his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from New York University in 1954. He joined the then Bureau of Ships in the Internal Combustion Engines Branch later to be merged with the Gas Turbine Branch. He progressed through positions of increasing responsibility in the areas of RDT&E Acoustics Shock and Vibration and by June 1962 was in charge of the Machinery Division's efforts in support of Project SEAHAWK an advanced design ASW destroyer. In September 1963 he was designated as Project Manager for the Pressure Fired Boiler Program for seventeen DE's (1040 C1 DEG-1 C1 and AGDE-1). This assignment was the first known application of the Project Management concept in the Bureau of Ships. In June 1966 he was placed in charge of the Plans Policies and Procedures Branch in the Naval Ship Engineering Center and was responsible for the formulation and implementation of Acquisition Management policy and procedures. The following November he was appointed Branch Head for Propulsion Electrical and Auxiliaries Systems in the LHA Project (PMS 377) and has remained with the project from the pre-concept formulation phase through the current building period in the development and production phase. Mr. Marshall L. Hendrickson received his Bachelor's degree in Commerce from the University of Maryland and is presently enrolled in a Master's program in Government Procurement and Contract Administration at George Washington University. He has been involved in Navy Project Management Administration since January of 1963. Prior to that he had extensive Fleet experience as a Field Serivce Engineer for the Philco Corporation. Navy projects he has been associated with include the SPARROW and SIDE-WINDER Missiles the F-4 (Phantom) Series aircraft the Navy Maintenance and Material Management (3-M) System the LHA-1 Class Amphibious Assault Ship and the Ship and Air Systems Integration (SASI) Project. Presently he is the Division Director for Integrated Logistic Support on the SASI Pro

This paper discusses the Maintenance engineering Analyses (MEA) as performed in support of a major ship acquisition process. A major impetus is to demonstrate how the MEA can be utilized better to provide a direct data link between the design agent and the logistic support community to enhance Fleet operational effectiveness. A description of the overall MEA process is provided and several examples are used showing the type of design improvements realizable through an integration of the MEA process into the early stages of ship system design. © 1974 American Society of Naval Engineers

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THE ENERGY PROBLEM AND DEFENSE

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第1期86卷 19-27页

作者： SONENSHEIN, RADM. NATHAN USN The author graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in the Class of 1938. His work has included instruction in Naval Construction and Marine Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology leading to a Master of Science degree in 1944 and the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Graduate School of Business in 1964. As an Engineering Duty Officer (EDO) he has served in various Navy commands including the Mare Island Naval Shipyard the former New York Naval Shipyard the USS Philippine Sea (CVA-47) during the Korean War as Chief Engineer and CINCPACFLT and COMSERVPAC Staffs as Fleet and Force Maintenance Officer. Within the Naval Ship Systems Command and its predecessor BUSHIPS his duties have included Director of the Facilities Division Head of the Hull Design Branch Director of the Ship Design Division Assistant Chief for Design Shipbuilding and Fleet Maintenance and as Commander Naval Ship Systems Command from 1969 until 1972. Other duties have included an assignment as the Project Manager for the Navy's Fast Deployment Logistic Ship Project from 1965 to 1967 Deputy Chief of Naval Material for Logistic Support from 1967 to 1969 and Chairman of the Naval Material Command Shipbuilding Council which commenced upon completion of his tour as Commander NAVSHIPS in 1972. On 4 September 1973 he was appointed Director of the Defense Energy Task Group (DETG) and subsequently on 15 November 1973 as Director of Energy for the Department of Defense. A former President of ASNE from 1970 to 1971 he is currently Vice-President of the American Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. In addition he is a member of the honorary engineering society Sigma Xi and listed among those in Who's Who in America.

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THE PATROL FRIGATE program‐A NEW APPROACH TO SHIP DIGIGN AND ACQUISTION

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Naval Engineers Journal 1973年第4期85卷 82-91页

作者： NEWCOMB, JOHN W. DITRAPANI, ANTHONY R. Mr. John W. Newcomb received his undergraduate education at Webb Institute of Naval Architecture graduating in 1966 and is currently completing requirements for a Master of Business Administration degree at the George Washington University. After gradwlting from Webb he was employed by Texaco Inc. Marine Department and later served three years active duty in the Navy as the DEG-7 Project Oficer at Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Third Naval District. Subsequent thereto he was employed by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center prior to assuming his present position in the Ship System Design Division of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME. Mr. Anthony R. Di'hapani received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1958 and subsequently completed course requirements for a Master of Engineering Science while an evening student at the George Washington University. He began his engineering career in 1958 in the BuShips Steam Turbine and Gear Branch specializing in steam turbine systems for nuclear submarines. In 1962 after completing a Navy-sponsored Electronics Training Program he joined the SQS-26 Sonar Project and served as Head of the Special Projects Section and subsequently the Test and Analysis Section until selected in 1967 to head the ASW Branch for the newly-churtered DXIDXG Project now the DO963 Ship Acquisition Project in the Naval Ship System Command. In 1970 he was designated a8 Acting Director of the DD963 Technical Management Plans Division and when the PF Program emerged in 1971 was reassigned as Deputy Project Manager for the Patrol Frigate Project.

Late in 1970, Admiral E. R. Zumwdt, Chid of Naval Operations, directed that study begin towards development of a new class of ocean escort to be known BS Patrol Frigate (PF) to take over some of the duties of the Navy's World War II destroyers as these 25 year old ships are retired from the active Fleet. At the same time, the Department of Defense, was significantly revising its basic policies for the development and acquisition of major weapons systems, and PF became the Nay's first major ship claw acquisition under these new policies. This new requirement, as atmound in DOD Directive 5000.1, along with the program constraints imposed by the CNO, required the development of a philosophy and approach towards design, test and evaluation and acquisition which was significantly Merent from ship procurements of the recent past. This paper disc the overall acquisition proms for the Patrol Frigate Class BS it is being developed and implemented to meet these needs and constraints, and provides a commepfary regarding the effectiveness of the appraach as of January 1973. © 1973 by the American Society of Naval Engineers

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A mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs

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Demography 1972年第3期9卷 465-483页

作者： Lawrence, Charles E. Mundigo, Axel I. ReVelle, Charles S. Center for Environmental Quality Management Cornell University Troy 12181 New York United States Systems Engineering Division Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12181 New York United States The International Population Program Cornell University Ithaca 14850 New York United States Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore 21218 Maryland United States

The reduction of population growth rates through family planning programs is being attempted in many of the developing nations of the world. This activity lends itself aptly to mathematical modeling. Building from the well-known difference equation model of population growth, a model is constructed which integrates population dynamics, program activities, and resource consumption. The model may be used predictively to assess the outcome of various program activities. Alternatively, it may be used to determine the pattern of activities which yields the greatest reduction in births under the projected resource constraints. A further use of the model is the identification of the parameters to which predictions are most sensitive;such information provides valuable insights to those gathering the input data. The model is here applied to a family planning program currently in progress. An evaluation of the feasibility of that program's goals is provided, as well as information on limiting resources, data sensitivity, and the most important ages for contraceptive acceptance. © 1972 Population Association of America.

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engineering OPERATIONAL SEQUENCING SYSTEM

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1970年第6期82卷 65-&页

作者： CALOGERO, R MCMANUS, D Robert Calogero graduated from the University of Maryland with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in February 1965. He entered the Magnetic Defense Section of Propulsion Power and Auxiliary Systems Division of the Naval Ship Engineering Center where he had previously served as a summer student engineering aid. In December 1968 he transferred to the Maintenance Management Branch of NAVSHIPS where he assumed responsibility as Manager of the Operational Sequencing System. Calogero is presently in the Engineering Administration Program offered at the George Washington University and is a member of the Association of Senior Engineers of the Naval Ships Systems Command. Donald McManus graduated from the Maine Maritime Academy in 1954 and received his Bachelor of Marine Science Degree Commission in the U. S. Naval Reserve and a USCG Marine Engineer's license. After graduation he sailed as a licensed engineer aboard steam and diesel powered tankers and “dry cargo” vessels engaged in worldwide commercial trade. Upon release from active duty in 1958 he was employed for the next eight and one-half years at the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. Chester Pa. in various engineering capacities. McManus came to the Naval Ship Engineering Center in December 1966 and is presently employed as a Marine Engineer in the Control Section of Machinery Arrangement and Controls Branch. He is a member of the Association of Senior Engineers of the Naval Ship Systems Command.

The many varied types of engineering plants extent in today's modern Navy requires an ever creasing range and depth of operational knowledge by engineering personnel at all levels of shipboard operations. The engineering Operational Sequencing System (EOSS) provides each of these levels with the required information to enable the engineering plant to respond to any demands placed upon it which are within its design capability. The engineering Operational Sequencing System is a set of systematic and detailed written procedures utilizing charts, instructions and diagrams which provide the information required for the operation of a shipboard propulsion plant. The purpose of this paper will be to define and discuss the EOSS; to describe the system background, current status and future implementation plans.

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DOCTRINE OF CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE ORDERS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1971年第5期83卷 76-&页

作者： PARKER, DJ The authorwas formerly employed by the Anti-Air Warfare Project Management office in the Naval Ship Systems Command. From his employment in 1969 he was involved vrith the DDG and DLG conversions. His last assignment was as Assistant Test Program Director for the DLGN-38 Class shipbuilding program. Parker holds a B. S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Florida and is currently enrolled at George Washington University where he is working toward his Masters in Engineering Administration. He is also a member of ASE and IEEE.

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Integrating Global Climate Change Mitigation Goals with Other Sustainability Objectives: A Synthesis

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Environment and Resources 1000年第1期40卷 363-394页

作者： Christoph von Stechow David McCollum Keywan Riahi Jan C. Minx Elmar Kriegler Detlef P. van Vuuren Jessica Jewell Carmenza Robledo-Abad Edgar Hertwich Massimo Tavoni Sevastianos Mirasgedis Oliver Lah Joyashree Roy Yacob Mulugetta Navroz K. Dubash Johannes Bollen Diana Ürge-Vorsatz Ottmar Edenhofer 3Department of Economics of Climate Change Technical University Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany 2Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change 10829 Berlin Germany 1Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 14412 Potsdam Germany email: stechow@*** 4Energy Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis A-2361 Laxenburg Austria 5Institute of Thermal Engineering Graz University of Technology A-8010 Graz Austria 6Hertie School of Governance 10117 Berlin Germany 8Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Utrecht University 3584 CS Utrecht the Netherlands 7Department of Climate Air and Energy PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 3720 AH Bilthoven the Netherlands 9Department of Environmental Systems Science USYS TdLab ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland 10Industrial Ecology Programme Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway 12Department of Management and Economics Politecnico di Milano 20156 Milan Italy 11Climate Change and Sustainable Development Programme Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici 20123 Milan Italy 13Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development National Observatory of Athens GR-15236 Penteli Greece 14Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment and Energy 10178 Berlin Germany 15Department of Economics and Global Change Program Jadavpur University Kolkata 700032 India 16Department of Science Technology Engineering and Public Policy University College London London W1T 6EY United Kingdom 17Centre for Policy Research New Delhi 110021 India 18CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis 2585 JR The Hague the Netherlands 19Center for Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Policy Central European University 1051 Budapest Hungary

Achieving a truly sustainable energy transition requires progress across multiple dimensions beyond climate change mitigation goals. This article reviews and synthesizes results from disparate strands of literature on the coeffects of mitigation to inform climate policy choices at different governance levels. The literature documents many potential cobenefits of mitigation for nonclimate objectives, such as human health and energy security, but little is known about their overall welfare implications. Integrated model studies highlight that climate policies as part of well-designed policy packages reduce the overall cost of achieving multiple sustainability objectives. The incommensurability and uncertainties around the quantification of coeffects become, however, increasingly pervasive the more the perspective shifts from sectoral and local to economy wide and global, the more objectives are analyzed, and the more the results are expressed in economic rather than nonmonetary terms. Different strings of evidence highlight the role and importance of energy demand reductions for realizing synergies across multiple sustainability objectives.

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