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systems engineering IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

INCOSE International Symposium 1992年第1期2卷 501-508页

作者： Percivall, George S. GM Systems Engineering/Management Program Ground Systems Group Hughes Aircraft Company P.O. Box 3310 Bldg. 318 M/S T302 FullertonCA92634 United States

Due to recent changes, automobile engineering has reached a critical point requiring more formal methods. This situation is familiar to the aerospace industry where increasing complexity resulted in the formalization of systems engineering. The principles of aerospace systems engineering are the basis for automotive systems engineering. Several aspects must be changed to meet the automotive environment. Change agents must be identified and placed in strategic positions to implement systems engineering. A key ingredient to automotive systems engineering is the development of the automotive engineers with systems engineering capabilities. © 1992 The Authors.

关键词： Aerospace industry

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WHY ENGINEERS DONT UNDERSTAND LOGISTICS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第5期104卷 57-63页

作者： LIGHT, SP The Authoris currently the director Logistics and Material Division Security Assistance Program Management Office (PMS 380) in the Surface Combatants Directorate (SEA 91) Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his BS degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia Institute of Technology his MS degree in systems management from the University of Southern California and he is a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College. He is also certified as a member of the NavSea's Civilian Material Professional Career Program. Among his previous employments Mr. Light has held engineering and logistics management positions with the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters in the Naval Engineering Division the Naval Ship Systems Command Engineering Interface Management Office and the Naval Ship Engineering Center where he served as manager of integrated logistics support for the FFG-7 Ship Design Project Office. He also served as the ILS manager for the CG-47 and DDG-51 ship programs during the design phases of these programs. Mr. Light was also the director of the Acquisition and Logistics Office for Surface Combatants (SEA 91) between 1984 to 1991. Mr. Light has twenty-eight years of experience in surface ship design acquisition maintenance and logistics.

The author describes his observations during twenty-eight years of naval ship design, acquisition and logistics support experience that engineers do not understand logistics or even consider logistics as part of their engineering responsibilities. This paper will explore the reasons why. The paper will also provide reasons why the engineer should understand logistics and why it should become a part of the engineer's responsibilities and lexicon. The paper presents the position that an engineer armed with a knowledge of logistics can do the best job in producing a good supportability design. Recommendations are provided to the naval engineering and logistics communities to increase the logistics knowledge of engineers. Also, the author advocates the development of design techniques to be used by the engineer to produce good supportability designs. The increased role of the engineer in applying supportability design techniques will be required in the future if we are to do more with the planned reductions in the acquisition workforce.

关键词： engineering

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DAMAGE CONTROL - THE LAST LINE OF SHIPBOARD DEFENSE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第1期104卷 63-79页

作者： HERMAN, S LOESER, CT Stanley Hermanis the acting director of the Ship Survivability Subgroup (Sea 55X) at the Naval Sea Systems Command. He received a BSME from Northeastern University in 1966 and a MSME from Northeastern in 1970. In 1978 he completed requirements for a Certificate in Acoustics at Catholic University and in 1989 he completed the Program Management Course at the Department of Defense Systems Management College. He is a registered professional engineer in Washington D.C. a certified NavSea Material Professional and a member of ASME ASE and SNAME. Mr. Herman began his career with the Navy Department immediately after high school working as a student trainee (marine engineer) at the Boston Naval Shipyard until 1966. Upon obtaining his BSME he served as a project engineer in the Noise Shock and Vibration Group at the Boston Naval Shipyard and was responsible for conducting and directing shipyard and at-sea testing and evaluation of components systems and structure for surface combatant and auxiliary naval craft. In 1974 he transferred to the Naval Sea Systems Command where he was the coordinator of survivability and detection for the SSBN Trident submarine acquisition project manager PMS 396. He was responsible for directing efforts to enhance the acoustical silencing underwater explosion shock protection and shipboard vibration control for this latest class of strategic missile submarines. From 1982 to 1986 Mr. Herman was assigned as head of the Submarine Protection branch Sea 55X11 where he was responsible for directing submarine shock hardening programs. From 1986 to 1991 he served as division director for damage control Systems Safety Personnel Protection and CBR Defense Sea 55X2. In 1991 he assumed his present position of acting director Ship Survivability Subgroup Sea 55X. Christopher T. Loeseris currently acting director of the Damage Control and Ship Design Systems Safety Division at the Naval Sea Systems Command. The division is responsible for lifecycle management of damage control chemical

This paper addresses the ship, system and equipment design features, operational doctrine and training that has been developed to provide effective shipboard damage control. Both the ship and the sailor are addressed, since both are integral and interdependent components of the damage control "system." Also, the enhancements afforded to protection of personnel from the effects of conventional and nonconventional weapons are discussed. Finally, a brief look into the future is presented. With the shrinking defense budget and corresponding reduction in fleet size and ship manning, novel system designs and automated decision aids will be required to do the job.

关键词： Naval Vessels

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FFG-61 PROTOTYPE DIGITAL TECHNICAL LIBRARY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第2期104卷 58-68页

作者： VINROOT, CA ORNER, JG USN Capt. Charles A. Vinroot USN (Ret.)retired from the U.S. Navy in September 1991 following over 27 years of active duty as an engineering duty officer. He holds a BSEE from North Carolina State University and a MSEE and professional degree from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. During his naval career he served on USSIndependence (CVA-62) and USSLuce (DLC-7/DDC-38). He also served at Supship Quincy Mass. and Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. He was stationed in Washington D.C. with assignments at CNO (OP 98) ASN (S&L) and the Naval Sea Systems Command. Captain Vinroot was technical director of the Battleship Reactivation Program (PMS 378) technical director of the Destroyer Acquisition Program (PMS 389) and deputy program manager of the Amphibious Warfare and Strategic Sealift Program (PMS 377). Most recently he served as program manager for Gas Turbine Surface Combatants (PMS 314) and Surface Combatants (PMS 330). Captain Vinroot is now employed by PRC Inc. and serves as technical director for the Advanced Technology Division in Crystal City Va. Jeffery G. Ornergraduated from Wittenberg University in Springfield Ohio in 1979 with a bachelor of arts degree in political science and earned a master's of science degree in business from The American University in Washington D.C. in 1982. He has ten years of professional experience with the Naval Sea Systems Command in positions with responsibilities for logistic support planning policy and delivery computer-aided acquisition and logistic support and Fleet Modernization Program (FMP) and ship construction issues. He was a key player in establishing the current FMP integrated logistic support (ILS) process and in implementing of the Ships' Configuration and Logistic Support Information System (SCLSIS). His current position as Fleet Logistic Support Branch head for the Surface Combatant Program includes responsibility for logistic support and management of ship configuration and logistic data for all surface combatant ships (except for Aegis ships). In

USS Ingraham (FFG-61) is the prototype ship for NavSea's Advanced Technical Information System (ATIS). ATIS is a digital technical library, which holds on optical disks the ship's 2,000 technical manuals and 73,000 drawing sheets. It contains a detailed ship's configuration index (derived from SCLSIS) to lead the user to the proper drawing or manual, and it replaces the ship's aperture cards and the second (library) copy of the technical manuals. ATIS, and the data standards established and tested through ATIS development, will be the technical library portion of micro-SNAP and SNAP III. It also forms an important part of NavSea's plans to utilize EDMICS data. This paper describes the goals and technical concepts behind the development of ATIS. Problems encountered, solutions developed, and lessons learned are detailed. Special attention was paid to the application of the Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS) standards, problems caused by conflicts and ambiguities in those standards, the standards. Original program goals are compared with actual operational experiences. Plans for future expansion are outlined, including applications of this technology in the availability planning and execution process. A comparison is developed among the various methods of optical imaging and their costs and benefits.

关键词： Information Retrieval systems

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COMPARISON OF SHOCK TEST METHODS OF MIL-S-901 DERIVED FROM TESTS ON A CIRCUIT-BREAKER AND SWITCHBOARD

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 178-190页

作者： BRADLEY, TL DAVES, TM MCCAMPBELL, SL YKEMA, JI Thomas L. Bradley Jr:. is director of program management of SPD Technologies research and development group in Philadelphia Pa. He has twenty years of experience on Navy shipboard electrical power protective systems and electrical switchgear. Mr. Bradley received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University. He is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. Ted M. Daves:is president of Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. Mr. Daves has devoted his professional career to Navy shock survivability testing programs to support shock qualification research on hull mechanical electrical and combat systems for both surface ships and submarines. He has twenty years of experience in lightweight medium weight and heavyweight shock qualification programs and has conducted shock survivability inspections at the component and systems level on almost all types of machinery and equipment that require MIL-S-901 shock qualification. He received his B.S. degree in industrial technology from Western Carolina University in 1970 and is a member of ASNE IES Shock and Vibration Information Center and ADPA. Steven L. McCampbell P.E:. is the engineering supervisor and senior technical officer at Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. where he has worked in direct support of Navy shock and vibration testing programs since 1978. His work includes test program management testing machine design and solution of design problems encountered by machinery and equipment undergoing shock and vibration qualification. He is familiar with instrumentation systems and methods data reduction and data interpretation. He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia in 1985. John I. Ykema P.E:. is vice president and chief technical officer at SPD Technologies Philadelphia Pa. He has served in various capacities within SPD (formerly I-T-E) since 1955. He served for three years (1951–1954) with NavSea (formerly BuShips) engineering electrical power systems for aircraft carriers and cruisers. Mr. Ykema received his M.S. degree

For shipboard equipment to qualify as shock-hardened, it must pass a shock test in accordance with the military shock test specification, MIL-S-901 [1]. The test methods prescribed by MIL-S-901 have gone essentially unchanged since 1963. All equipment is divided into three test categories, depending on weight, and a different shock test machine is specified for each weight category. The heavy weight category is further sub-divided depending on the method of mounting within the ship, namely deck mounted or hull mounted. The authors have observed cases when equipment passing MIL-S-901 shock qualification testing using one method (e.g., the medium weight) failed when tested on another method (e.g., the floating shock platform). Concern about this difference in shock phenomena between the approved equipment performance stimulated the authors to perform the testing and analysis presented in this paper. The thirty year old test methods which have contributed significantly to shock survivability may not always simulate adequately the actual shipboard installation during shock qualification testing, thus leading to a false confidence level that all qualified equipment will perform well in combat. To explore the possible variations in shock phenomena from the different methods, an extensive testing program was conducted whereby a 100 ampere circuit breaker was subjected to shock testing under the four methods outlined in MIL-S-901D, namely, lightweight, medium weight, heavy weight deck, and heavy weight hull. The data gathered during the testing, and the performance of the equipment under test, were both evaluated and analyzed to observe differences in shock phenomena from each of the four different test methods. The shock testing methods, the equipment which was subjected to test, the test procedures, and the results of the investigation are described in this paper. The recommendations suggest improvements to the Navy shock testing methods and procedures.

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AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS, PROCESS DESIGN AND DATABASE DESIGN

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INFORMATION systems 1991年第1期16卷 49-64页

作者： SHOVAL, P Information Systems Program Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Ben-Gurion University P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel

A methodology that combines and integrates the major stages of information systems development is presented. The methodology is based on hierarchical data-flow diagrams which are used to perform a functional analysis of the system. This enables the conducting of process design on the one hand, and information structure analysis and database schema design on the other. Specifically, we describe a method that connects the transactions of the system (the product of the process design stage) with the record-types (the product of database design stage). This connection closes the gap between the "procedural" and "structural" aspects of the system, and enables a smooth transition to the stage of system construction. It also facilitates the designing of sub-systems and their sub-schemas. Software tools that support all stages of the methodology are reviewed, emphasizing the tool DS2DS that connects the transactions with the record-types.

关键词： FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS PROCESS DESIGN TRANSACTIONS INFORMATION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS DATABASE DESIGN CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA SUBSYSTEM SUB-SCHEMA METHODOLOGIES SOFTWARE engineering TOOLS DATA-FLOW DIAGRAM DATA STRUCTURE DIAGRAM BINARY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

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An interpretive-systemic study of the University of Los Andes

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systems Practice 1991年第5期4卷 507-525页

作者： Fuenmayor, Ramsés Bonucci, Mario López-Garay, Hernán Department of Interpretive Systemology Systems Engineering School Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela Graduate Program in Interpretive Systemic Organizational Management and Planning Systems Engineering School Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela

This article is a summary of an interpretive-systemic study of the University of Los Andes in Venezuela. Following the methodological guidelines of interpretive systemology, three interpretive contextual systems were designed in order to "comprehend" the sense of the university. These three interpretive contexts were derived from possible different interpretations of the University Law (Statutes). Results obtained from the "thematic interpretation" of university activities and decision taking reveal an institution removed from any of the missions depicted in the interpretive contexts. A fourth interpretive context was designed to provide an interpretation of the regulative role the institution plays in order to maintain a particular social order and power structure. This fourth interpretive context shows greater interpretive power with regard to actual university activities than the other three. © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation.

关键词： interpretive systemology organizational studies social systems

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, DE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military engineering

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM ZINC ANODE PROCUREMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第6期103卷 75-77页

作者： BRINCKERHOFF, B The Author received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Maryland in May 1985. In June 1985 he began working at the Naval Sea Systems Command as an engineer-in-training (EIT). After completion of the EIT program he began working in his present position in the Corrosion Control Branch of the Materials and Assurance Engineering Office (NavSea 05M1). His responsibilities include life cycle management for sacrificial cathodic protection systems and prevention of alloy 625 crevice corrosion. This paper is a result of his work at NavSea in support of the zinc anode quality improvement program. Mr. Brinckerhoff is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the NavSea Association of Scientists and Engineers.

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EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUND-WATER EXTRACTION systems

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第1期11卷 119-124页

作者： HALEY, JL HANSON, B ENFIELD, C GLASS, J Jennifer Haley is a chemical engineer working in the Remedial Operations and Guidance Branch of the Hazardous Site Control Division/Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (U.S. EPA OS-220 401 M St. SW Washington D.C. 20460). One of her responsibilities during her three years at EPA has been completion of the EPA Guidance on Remedial Actions for Contaminated Ground Water at Superfund Sites. Prior to taking her current position at the EPA in May 1987 she worked for two years for the California Regional Water Quality Control Board overseeing ground water contamination investigations and cleanups in the South San Francisco Bay. She received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of California in Berkeley and an M.S. in environmental management from the University of San Francisco. Bill Hanson is an engineer with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (OS-220 401 M St. SW Washington D.C. 20460). He received both his B.S. in engineering and M.A. in environmental engineering from Duke University. Before joining the Environmental Protection Agency Hanson worked for several consulting engineering firms including CH2M Hill in Res ton Virginia. At EPA he first worked in the Effluent Guidelines Program where he was responsible for developing pretreatment and direct discharge regulations for the electroplating industry. Hanson has been with the Superfund program since its start. He is currently chief of the Remedial Operations and Guidance Branch. His branch is responsible for developing guidance for consistency of approach with respect to selection of remedy land ban treatment requirements and treatability protocols. Carl G. Enfield is a soil scientist at the Robert S. Ken Environmental Research Laboratory (U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820). He earned his B.S.C.E. in civil engineering and M.S. in agronomy at Purdue University and his Ph.D. in agricultural chemistry and soils at the University of Arizona. He currently serves as research director at EP

The most common process for remediating contaminated ground water is extraction and treatment. Data from 19 on-going and completed ground water extraction systems were collected and analyzed (U.S. EPA 1989b) to evaluate the effectiveness of this process in achieving cleanup concentration goals for ground water. This analysis indicated several trends including (1) containment of ground water plumes was usually achieved;(2) contaminant concentrations dropped significantly initially followed by a leveling out;(3) after the period of initial rapid decline, the continued decreases in concentration were usually slower than anticipated;and (4) certain data important to optimizing system design and operation had often not been collected during the site characterization phase. Factors limiting the achievement of cleanup concentration goals fell into four basic categories: (1) hydrogeological factors, such as subsurface heterogeneity, low-permeability units, and presence of fractures;(2) contaminant-related factors, such as high sorption to soil and presence of non-aqueous phases (dissolution from a separate non-aqueous phases (dissolution from a separate non-aqueous phase or partitioning of contaminants from the residual non-aqueous phase);(3) continued migration from source areas and the size of the plume itself;and (4) system design factors, such as pumping rates, screened intervals, and extraction well locations. The findings of this study indicate that ground water extraction is an effective method for preventing additional migration of contaminant plumes and achieving risk reduction. However, the findings indicate that in many situations, it may not be practicable to rely solely on ground water extraction and treatment to achieve health-based cleanup concentrations throughout the contaminated zone and fulfill the primary goal of returning ground water to beneficial use. This study suggests several recommendations (U.S. EPA 1989a) for improving ground water response acti

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