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2018 Workshop on Multidisciplinary and Its Applications: Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, information systems, and information technology, WMA-Mathcomtech 2018

作者： Kurniasih, Nuning Kurniawati, Nanik Yulianti, Y. Rahim, Robbi Sujito, S. Ikhwan, Afiful Aimang, Hasrat A. Haluti, Farid Putri, Lusi Dwi Napitupulu, Darmawan Faculty of Communication Sciences Library and Information Science Program Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia Sekolah Dasar Negeri 3 Rajapolah Tasikmalaya Indonesia School of Computer and Communication Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kubang Gajah Malaysia Department of English Language Education IAIN Surakarta Surakarta Indonesia Postgraduate Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo Ponorogo Indonesia Universitas Muhammadiyah Luwuk Luwuk Banggai Indonesia Universitas Lancang Kuning Indonesia Research Center for Quality System and Testing Technology Indonesian Institute of Sciences Indonesia

Search engines have become an integral part of student learning activities. This study aims to see how the use of search engines by students, especially by students of the Library and information Science program, faculty of Communication Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. This study uses the mixed method. The research data was obtained through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observations and literature studies. The results of the study showed that in learning activities, the respondents used search engines to find the references for college assignments and thesis writing material. The students also use search engines to meet daily information needs, solve problems, increase knowledge, reduce doubts, clarify things, entertain, fulfill curiosity about others, etc. The retrieval technique used by students is by using keywords/queries, Boolean logic, query strategies in the form of a brief search and using the advanced search feature. This research is expected to contribute to the university in supporting online-based learning facilities for students. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Search engines

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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H.A. El Hafeez, Samar Abd Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwar, Saleha Anwari, Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishnan, Senthi Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings: In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an e

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Analysis of the use of Rainbow Tables to break hash

Analysis of the use of Rainbow Tables to break hash

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作者： Horálek, Josef Holík, Filip Horák, Oldich Petr, Lukáš Sobeslav, Vladimir Department of Information Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics University of Pardubice Studentská 95 Pardubice532 10 Czech Republic Institute of System Engineering and Informatics Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Pardubice Studentská 95 Pardubice Czech Republic Department of Information Technologies Faculty of Informatics and Management University of Hradec Králové Rokitanského 62 Hradec Králové III Czech Republic

This paper acquaints with a created application for generating Rainbow Tables and the results of testing Rainbow Tables, according to the length of the chosen chain. The paper presents a specialized application containing its own algorithms for reduction functions, changing the length of chain, generating Rainbow Tables and measuring the effectivity of the password search in detail. Within the executed tests, the dependence of Rainbow Tables size on the password length, the affection of the hash search by the size of the chosen chain and their links to collisions, which arise from the principle of using the reduction function, were observed. The results objectively describe the pros and cons of using Rainbow Tables and show the possibilities and restrictions for their effective usage. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Chains

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A method for mining top-rank- k frequent closed itemsets

A method for mining top-rank- k frequent closed itemsets

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作者： Nguyen, Loan T.T. Trinh, Truc Nguyen, Ngoc-Thanh Vo, Bay Division of Knowledge and System Engineering for ICT Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam Faculty of Information Technology Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam VOV College Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam Faculty of Computer Science and Management Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wrocaw Poland Faculty of Information Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Viet Nam

Mining frequent closed itemsets (FCIs) is important in mining non-redundant (minimal) association rules. Therefore, many algorithms have been developed for mining FCIs with reduced mining time and memory usage. For mining FCIs, algorithms use the minimum support threshold, minSup, to prune itemsets. However, using a fixed minSup is not suitable for mining top-rank-k FCIs. A large threshold will lead to a small number of generated FCIs, leading to insufficient FCIs to query when k is large. On the other hand, a small minSup will generate a huge number of generated FCIs, leading to large runtimes and high memory usage. In this paper, we propose a method for mining top-rank-k FCIs without using a fixed minimum support threshold. A strategy is first used to eliminate 1-items that cannot generate FCIs belonging to top-rank-k FCIs. Next, based on the set of candidate 1-items, we propose TRK-FCI, a DCI-Plus-based algorithm, for mining top-rank-k FCIs. In the process of mining top-rank-k FCIs, TRK-FCI automatically increases minSup according to the mined FCIs, efficiently pruning itemsets that cannot belong to top-rank-k FCIs. We also modify the dynamic bit vector (DBV) structure and apply it to reduce memory usage and runtime in the TRK-FCI-DBV algorithm. Experimental results show that TRK-FCI-DBV is more efficient than TRK-FCI for various databases. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Artificial intelligence

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作者： Nguyen, Linh Anh Nguyen, Thi Hong Khanh Nguyen, Ngoc-Thanh Ha, Quang-Thuy Division of Knowledge and System Engineering for ICT Faculty of Information Technology Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam Institute of Informatics University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland Electric Power University Hoang Quoc Viet Tu Liem Hanoi Viet Nam Department of Information Systems Faculty of Computer Science and Management Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Str. Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 Wroclaw50-370 Poland Faculty of Information Technology VNU University of Engineering and Technology Xuan Thuy Hanoi Viet Nam

We introduce comparisons w.r.t. information between interpretations in paraconsistent description logics and use them to define bisimilarity for such logics. This notion is useful for concept learning in description logics when inconsistencies occur. We give preservation results and the Hennessy-Milner property for comparisons w.r.t. information in paraconsistent description logics. As consequences, we obtain also invariance results and the Hennessy-Milner property for bisimilarity in paraconsistent description logics. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data description

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Middle East and North African Health Informatics Association (MENAHIA): A New Opportunity for the Region

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Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2019年第1期28卷 292-296页

作者： Riyad Alshammari Najeeb Al-Shorbaji Zakiuddin Ahmed Zaid Al-Hamadan Abdulwahhab Alshammari Osama El Hassan Dari Alhuwail Salim Al Salmi Eiman Al-Jafar Hassan Ghazal College of Public Health and Health Informatics King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh Saudi Arabia King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia Ministry of the National Guard- Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia President of the Saudi Health Informatics Association President of the eHealth Development Association of Jordan Program Director RAHAH King Saud University Project Director Riphah Institute of Health Improvement & Safety CEO Digital Care Pakistan Associate Professor Jordan University of Science and Technology College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh Saudi Arabia Vice-Chair of Emirates Health Informatics Society Head of eHealth section at Dubai Health Authority Dubai United Arab Emirates Department of Information Science College of Computing Sciences and Engineering Kuwait University Kuwait Health Informatics Unit Dasman Diabetes Institute Kuwait Associate Deanship for Health Information Management Program Oman College of Health Sciences Muscat Sultanate of Oman Department of Health Informatics and Information Management Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kuwait University Kuwait. National Center for Scientific and Technological Research Rabat and President of the Moroccan Society for Telemedicine and eHealth Rabat Morocco

During the 2018 IMIA General Assembly (GA) held on Oct 2018 in Sri Lanka, a new organization, the Middle East and North African Health Informatics Association (MENAHIA) was established as a regional non-governmental organization to promote Health Informatics in the region. Health Informatics activities in applications, education, and research have been growing in the Middle East and North African region for many years. Over the past year, health informatics initiatives within the region focused on the education sector and the workforce. The need to enhance the education delivery and methods is essential in promoting Health Informatics in the region as well as establishing master programs in many countries within the region. This paper provides an overview of the variety of initiatives that are occurring in the region and are endorsed by MENAHIA.

关键词： Saudi Arabia Pakistan Jordan United Arab Emirates Morocco Kuwait Oman Bahrain Health Informatics the Middle East

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Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass (vol 21, pg 561, 2020)

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NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2020年第7期10卷 696-697页

作者： Terrer, Cesar Jackson, Robert B. Prentice, I. Colin Keenan, Trevor F. Kaiser, Christina Vicca, Sara Fisher, Joshua B. Reich, Peter B. Stocker, Benjamin D. Hungate, Bruce A. Penuelas, Josep McCallum, Ian Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. Cernusak, Lucas A. Talhelm, Alan F. Van Sundert, Kevin Piao, Shilong Newton, Paul C. D. Hovenden, Mark J. Blumenthal, Dana M. Liu, Yi Y. Mueller, Christoph Winter, Klaus Field, Christopher B. Viechtbauer, Wolfgang Van Lissa, Caspar J. Hoosbeek, Marcel R. Watanabe, Makoto Koike, Takayoshi Leshyk, Victor O. Polley, H. Wayne Franklin, Oskar Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford USA Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Ecosystems Services and Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy Stanford University Stanford USA AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot UK Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde Australia Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management UC Berkeley Berkeley USA Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Vienna Austria Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Biology Department University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles USA Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul USA Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith Australia CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB Bellaterra Spain Environmental Biology Department Institute of Environmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Cairns

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Identification of rice supply chain risk to DKI Jakarta through Cipinang primary rice market

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2018年第1期106卷

作者： D Sugiarto A Ariwibowo I Mardianto D Surjasa Information System Program Faculty of Industrial Technology Universitas Trisakti Jakarta Indonesia Informatics Program Faculty of Industrial Technology Universitas Trisakti Jakarta Indonesia Industrial Engineering Master Program Faculty of Industrial Technology Universitas Trisakti Jakarta Indonesia

This paper identifies several sources of risks in DKI Jakarta rice supply chain that through Cipinang Primary Rice Market (CPRM). Secondary data from several sources were collected and analysed using pareto chart and time series analysis. Based on the pareto analysis, it was known that there was a change in the order of suppliers whereas in 2011, 80% of the supply came only from Cirebon, Karawang and Bandung (West Java Province). While in 2015 the main source of supply changed to Cirebon, Central Java and Karawang. Linear trend equation using decomposition model for Cirebon and Karawang showed trend of decreasing monthly supply while Central Java had a positive trend. Harvest area of wetland paddy in Cirebon and Karawang showed a negative trend in the last 6 years. The data also showed that West Java Province was the province with the largest rice crop area affected by plant organism attack and drought disaster in 2015. DKI Jakarta had several potential supply chain risks from rice supply, drought risk and pests risk where the province of West Java, which previously could become a major supplier began to require supply assistance from other provinces, especially Central Java.

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Application of Data Mining Prediction of Electricity Deviation Flow Using Metode Backpropogation at PLN Binjai Area

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1363卷 012067-012067页

作者： Pardede, A M H Andrayani, Febi Wahyu Nurdin Dahlan Abdullah Cut Ita Erliana Raditya Danar Dana Arif Rinaldi Dikananda Fasya, Firmanda Rahaningsih, Nining Andriani, Meri Subekti, Purwo Erlin Elisa Sohibun Muhammad Noor Hasan Siregar Ponidi Winarno, Edy Sudarsana, I Ketut College of Information and Computer Management Kaputama Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Department of Industrial Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Departement Of Information Technology STMIK IKMI Cirebon Indonesia Departement Of Accounting Information System STMIK IKMI Cirebon Indonesia Department of Industrial Engineering Universitas Samudra Langsa Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Pasir Pengaraian Riau Indonesia Department of Information System University of Putera Batam Batam Indonesia Department of Physics Educational Universitas Pasir Pengaraian Riau Indonesia Departement of Management Universitas Graha Nusantara Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya Surabaya Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia Department of Religious Education Institut Hindu Dharma Negeri DenpasarIndonesia

PLN is the only state-owned electricity company that provides and regulates electricity to the public. However, in the provision of electricity to every community, there are many frauds or irregularities in utilization of electricity by irresponsible parties was found by PLN. Electricity deviation caused by irresponsible parties, like the theft of electricity can have a tremendous impact due to loss of electrical energy. Electricity Deviation, using Electricity Deviation data for 3 years, from 2012 to 2014. Sales data processed by the network, in the form of amount of Kwh deviation per month. The data needed in the process of analysis of this Neural Network is pure database results by taking the input variable in the form of Amount of Kwh Deviation and Amount of Kwh Deviation for the next Month for the following year as output. Electricity for 3 years is processed into Matlab using GUI facilities, to produce information on the predicted results of the Kwh Deviation in November 2014 to March, May, June, August, November, December 2015 experiencing has increase in Kwh, while in April July, September, and Okrober 2015 decreased.

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INTRODUCTION

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2024年第8期105卷 S1-S11页

作者： Boyer, T. Blunden, J. Dunn, R.J.H. NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Silver Spring Maryland NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville North Carolina Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter United Kingdom European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading United Kingdom University of Maryland College Park Maryland Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center College Park Maryland Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Buenos Aires Argentina NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory Boulder Colorado European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Bonn Germany Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics University of Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading United Kingdom Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN São Paulo Brazil Université Grenoble Alpes Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement IRD CNRS Grenoble INP Grenoble France Hampton University Hampton Virginia Seychelles Meteorological Authority Mahe Seychelles Section for Glaciers Ice and Snow Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Oslo Norway National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE) CARRTEL Université Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France Graduate School of Agriculture Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Japan Science Faculty Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia University of Bremen Bremen Germany NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder Colorado Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú Lima Perú Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UV-GVA) Valencia Spain Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL) Ghent University Ghent Belgium Department o

In 2023, La Niña conditions that generally prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid-2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all increased to record-high levels. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record since the 1960s. The combined short-term effects of El Niño and the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere contributed to new records for many essential climate variables reported here. The annual global temperature across land and oceans was the highest in records dating as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–December) having each been record warm. Over land, the globally averaged temperature was also record high. Dozens of countries reported record or near-record warmth for the year, including China and continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record), India and Russia (second warmest), and Canada (third warmest). Intense and widespread heatwaves were reported around the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record of 44.2°C was observed at Tuong Duong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached 44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record and 12.8°C above normal. The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosphere, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record for North America and seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisphere overall. Heatwaves contributed to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Due to rapid volume loss beginning in 2021, St. A

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