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Innate Cyber-Immunity and Acquired Cyber-Immunity across Multi-Area Power Systems

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2025年

作者： Hou, Jiazuo Song, Yue Hou, Yunhe Peng, Jimmy Chih-Hsien National University of Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Singapore Tongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology Shanghai201804 China The University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen518057 China

Organisms have evolved innate and acquired immune systems to defend against pathogens like coronaviruses. Similarly, power networks, threatened by cyber-attacks, desire cyber-immunity. Inspired by the immunology research, this study develops a cyber-immune strategy-characterizing innate cyber-immunity and establishing acquired cyber-immunity-for any selected portion of a power network (termed as power subnetwork) against stealthy false data injection (FDI) cyberattacks. Therein, without extrinsic protection and information asymmetry, this paper for the first time confirms the existence and provides closed-form conditions for power subnetworks that are innately immune to FDI cyber-attacks despite all measurements being compromised. Single-leader-multi-follower bi-level optimization models are then developed to strategically allocate measurement protection, leading to the acquired cyber-immunity, whose conditions for existence and the least cost are explicitly formulated. More importantly, a bi-directional cyber-immunity propagation mechanism is presented to provide the optimal spatial allocation of defense resources across adjacent subnetworks. It also explicitly determines the temporal allocation sequence, revealing its sequential and cumulative impacts on establishing cyber-immunity. This is achieved by designing recursive traversal algorithms, one of which is modelled as a post-order depth-first-search problem of a multi-fork tree. The proposed subnetwork-specific cyber-immune strategy is verified in a modified Australian National Electricity Market. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Phishing

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Network Traffic Co-Movement Assessment via Oriented Basis Signal Processing and Ensemble Decision Trees 27

Network Traffic Co-Movement Assessment via Oriented Basis Si...

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27th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2024

作者： Mohebbi, Mohammad Reza Hassan Zada, Mohammad Javad Rostami-Shahrbabaki, Majid Doller, Mario Yamnenko, Iuliia University of Applied Sciences Josef Ressel Center Vision2Move Project Tirol Kufstein Austria University of Passau Department of Computer Science Germany Technical University of Munich Traffic Engineering and Control Germany National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Department of Electronic Devices and Systems Kyiv Ukraine

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505929

Accurate short-term network-wide traffic prediction is essential to guarantee high service quality in urban traffic control systems. Nevertheless, traffic state time series represent network-scale spatiotemporal co-movement patterns and location-specific features. Therefore, hybrid statistical machine learning (ml) algorithms could be utilized to accommodate the aforementioned characteristics. In this paper, a hybrid random forest (rf) and extreme gradient boosting tree (XGBoost) model is introduced for network-wide traffic prediction. Moreover, a multi-noise oriented basis wavelet transform (OBT) filter is employed to pre-process the original time series, and improve the predictive accuracy. The RF model captures the traffic co-movements and the XGBoost extracts the local information. Comparative analysis of the hybrid algorithm and deep learning-based benchmarks indicate better performance of the proposed methodology in hourly traffic state prediction of 30 loop detectors, located in the paris city center. Hence, the hybrid decision-tree-based mechanism is a useful framework for real-time network traffic forecasting offering fewer trainable (hyper-)parameters, and thus, lower computational cost. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Time series

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Adaptive Stiffness control of Series Elastic Actuator Manipulators Based on Dynamic System

Adaptive Stiffness Control of Series Elastic Actuator Manipu...

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IEEE International Conference on Automation science and engineering (CASE)

作者： Kunlin Guo Chao Zeng Weiyong Si Ning Wang Chenguang Yang Key Laboratory of Autonomous Systems and Networked Control School of Automation Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China Department of Computer Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering University of Essex Colchester Bristol Robotics Laboratory University of the West of England Bristol UK

ISBN: (数字)9798350358513

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358520

In traditional control methods, Series Elastic Actuator (SEA) joint manipulators are limited by their hardware and can only perform simple tasks with low stiffness. To address this issue, we propose a stiffness adjustment control strategy for SEA manipulators based on Dynamic Systems (DS) with good generalization performance. By enhancing the generalization capability of DS in complex tasks and combining posture control, the SEA manipulators can autonomously adjust control gains and postures according to task requirements to achieve higher stiffness at the end-effector. Experimental results involving the activation of air switches with different stiffness levels and installation angles have demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method. The results indicate that compared to traditional methods of adjusting the control gain and retraining DS for similar tasks, our approach exhibits superior generalization performance while maintaining end-effector stiffness during interactions.

关键词： Actuators computer aided software engineering Automation Adaptive systems control systems End effectors Hardware Dynamical systems Manipulator dynamics

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Transformer-Based Multi-Modal Probabilistic Pedestrian Prediction for Risk-Aware autonomous Vehicle Navigation

Transformer-Based Multi-Modal Probabilistic Pedestrian Predi...

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International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR)

作者： Murad Mebrahtu Awet Araia Abiel Ghebreslasie Jorge Dias Majid Khonji Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Khalifa University Abu Dhabi UAE Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS) Abu Dhabi UAE

ISBN: (数字)9798350342291

ISBN: (纸本)9798350342307

Over the past decade, the field of assisted and autonomous driving has experienced significant advancements. However, autonomous driving systems are still challenged by the complexities of dynamic urban environments, especially when it comes to predicting and responding to the often stochastic behavior of pedestrians. Current approaches largely concentrate on most likely predictions but tend to ignore their inherent probabilistic nature. Our research introduces a novel Transformer-based multimodal probabilistic prediction model that utilizes a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). This approach is simpler than its predecessors, yet it maintains competitive performance, capable of inferring prediction uncertainties using GMM parameters. Additionally, we demonstrate how our prediction model can be incorporated into a risk-aware behavior planner, based on the Chance-Constrained Stochastic Shortest Path (CC-SSP) framework. This planner uses probabilistic trajectory predictions as a Markov transition function to modulate the speed of the autonomous vehicle, effectively keeping the probability of collision below a defined threshold. Our implementation is available at https://***/Murdism/Probabilistic_Pedestrian_Trajectory_***.

关键词： Pedestrians Stochastic processes Predictive models Probabilistic logic Transformers Behavioral sciences autonomous vehicles

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Learning Temporal Cues by Predicting Objects Move for Multi-camera 3D Object Detection

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Moon, Seokha Park, Hongbeen Kwon, Jungphil Lee, Jaekoo Kim, Jinkyu The Department of Computer Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul Korea Republic of Autonomous Driving Center Hyundai Motor Company R&D Division Seoul Korea Republic of The College of Computer Science Kookmin University Seoul Korea Republic of

In autonomous driving and robotics, there is a growing interest in utilizing short-term historical data to enhance multi-camera 3D object detection, leveraging the continuous and correlated nature of input video streams. Recent work has focused on spatially aligning BEV-based features over timesteps. However, this is often limited as its gain does not scale well with long-term past observations. To address this, we advocate for supervising a model to predict objects' poses given past observations, thus explicitly guiding to learn objects' temporal cues. To this end, we propose a model called DAP (Detection After Prediction), consisting of a two-branch network: (i) a branch responsible for forecasting the current objects' poses given past observations and (ii) another branch that detects objects based on the current and past observations. The features predicting the current objects from branch (i) is fused into branch (ii) to transfer predictive knowledge. We conduct extensive experiments with the large-scale nuScenes datasets, and we observe that utilizing such predictive information significantly improves the overall detection performance. Our model can be used plug-and-play, showing consistent performance gain. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Object detection

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HEART: Achieving Timely Multi-Model Training for Vehicle-Edge-Cloud-Integrated Hierarchical Federated Learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Yang, Xiaohong Liwang, Minghui Wang, Xianbin Cheng, Zhipeng Hosseinalipour, Seyyedali Dai, Huaiyu Jiao, Zhenzhen School of Informatics Xiamen University Fujian China Department of Control Science and Engineering The National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Japan Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Ministry of Education Tongji University Shanghai China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Western University ON Canada School of Future Science and Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China Department of Electrical Engineering University at Buffalo-SUNY BuffaloNY United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering NC State University RaleighNC United States iF-Labs Beijing Teleinfo Technology Company Ltd. CAICT Beijing China

The rapid growth of AI-enabled Internet of Vehicles (IoV) calls for efficient machine learning (ML) solutions that can handle high vehicular mobility and decentralized data. This has motivated the emergence of Hierarchical Federated Learning over vehicle-edge-cloud architectures (VEC-HFL). Nevertheless, one aspect which is underexplored in the literature on VEC-HFL is that vehicles often need to execute multiple ML tasks simultaneously, where this multi-model training environment introduces crucial challenges. First, improper aggregation rules can lead to model obsolescence and prolonged training times. Second, vehicular mobility may result in inefficient data utilization by preventing the vehicles from returning their models to the network edge. Third, achieving a balanced resource allocation across diverse tasks becomes of paramount importance as it majorly affects the effectiveness of collaborative training. We take one of the first steps towards addressing these challenges via proposing a framework for multi-model training in dynamic VEC-HFL with the goal of minimizing global training latency while ensuring balanced training across various tasks—a problem that turns out to be NP-hard. To facilitate timely model training, we introduce a hybrid synchronous-asynchronous aggregation rule. Building on this, we present a novel method called Hybrid Evolutionary And gReedy allocaTion (HEART). The framework operates in two stages: first, it achieves balanced task scheduling through a hybrid heuristic approach that combines improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA);second, it employs a low-complexity greedy algorithm to determine the training priority of assigned tasks on vehicles. Experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of HEART over existing methods. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Federated learning

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Applying System Thinking to Learn from Accident of Modern Automatic control Systems

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2025年第2期23卷 409-414页

作者： Ru Niu Yuan Cao Xiaocheng Ge Tao Tang State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China School of Electronics and Information Engineering National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China Department of Computer Science University of York York UK

Modern societies increasingly rely on automatic control systems. These systems are hardly pure technical systems; instead they are complex socio-technical systems, which consist of technical elements and social components. It is necessary to have a systematic approach to analyze these systems because it is growing evidence that accidents from these systems usually have complex causal factors which form an interconnected network of events, rather than a simple cause-effect chain. We take railway Train control systems (TCS) as an example to demonstrate the importance of the socio-technical approach to analyze the system. The paper presents an investigation of recent high-speed railway accident by applying STAMP - one of the most notable socio-technical system analysis techniques, outlines improvements to the system which could avoid similar accidents in the future. We also provide our valuable feedback for the use of STAMP.

关键词： Sociotechnical systems Analytical models Systematics Railway accidents Transportation Medical services Rail transportation Systems thinking Research and development Accidents

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Multi-loop Sliding-Mode control for a Battery Charger Using a Quadratic Buck Converter 8

Multi-loop Sliding-Mode Control for a Battery Charger Using ...

引用

8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and the 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, SPEC / COBEP 2023

作者： López-Santos, Oswaldo Flores-Bahamonde, F. Torres-Pinzón, C.A. Haroun, Reham Valderrama-Blavi, Hugo Garriga, Juan A. Martínez-Salamero, Luis Rovira i Virgili University Group of Automatic Control and Industrial Electronics Tarragona Spain Universidad Andres Bello Energy Transformation Center Faculty of Enigineering Chile Universidad Santo Tomás Faculty of Electronic Engineering Colombia University of Lleida Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering Lleida Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798350321128

In this paper, the quadratic buck converter (QBC) is proposed as competitive alternative to implement a battery charger. Since, QBC is a high order system, the required control is designed to follow the conventional constant-current constant-voltage regime by means of three loops. Namely, i) an inner-loop operating in sliding mode to control the current of the closest inductor to the input port providing the properly stability of the system, ii) a first outer loop designed to regulate the battery voltage providing the reference of the inner loop, and finally iii) a second outer loop to regulate the battery current modifying the reference of the voltage loop. Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are used in both outer loops. Simulation results are presented validating the theoretical study. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Battery charger Quadratic Buck Converter Sliding Mode control

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Two-Stage Representation Refinement Based on Convex Combination for 3-D Human Poses Estimation

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

引用

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2024年第12期5卷 6500-6508页

作者： Chen, Luefeng Cao, Wei Zheng, Biao Wu, Min Pedrycz, Witold Hirota, Kaoru China University of Geosciences School of Automation Wuhan430074 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems Wuhan430074 China Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration Wuhan430074 China University of Alberta Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EdmontonABT6G 2R3 Canada Macau University of Science and Technology Institute of Systems Engineering Taipa999078 China Istinye University Research Center of Performance and Productivity Analysis Istanbul34010 Turkey Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama226-8502 Japan

In the human pose estimation task, on the one hand, 3-D pose always has difficulty in dividing different 2-D poses if the view is limited;on the other hand, it is hard to reduce the lifting ambiguity because of the lack of depth information, it is an important and challenging problem. Therefore, two-stage representation refinement based on the convex combination for 3-D human pose estimation is proposed, in which the two-stage method includes a dense-spatial-temporal convolutional network and a local-to-refine network. The former is applied to determine the features between each video frame;the latter is used to get the different scales of pose details. It aims to address the difficulty of estimating 3-D human pose from 2-D image sequences. In such a way, it can better use the relations between every frame in the sequence of the pose video to produce more accurate results. Finally, we combine the above network with a block called convex combination to help refine the 3-D pose location. We test the proposed approach on both Human3.6m and MPII datasets. The result confirms that our method can achieve better performance than improved CNN supervision, a simple yet effective baseline, and coarse-to-fine volumetric prediction. Besides, a robustness test experiment is carried out for the proposed method while the input is interrupted. The result verifies that our method shows better robustness. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolution

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Contracting Skeletal Kinematic Embeddings for Anomaly Detection

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2023年

作者： Flaborea, Alessandro D’Amely di Melendugno, Guido Maria D’Arrigo, Stefano Sterpa, Marco Aurelio Sampieri, Alessio Galasso, Fabio Department of Computer Science Sapienza University of Rome Italy Department of Computer Control and Management Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Italy Department of Earth Sciences and Forecasting Research Center Prevention and Control of Geological Risks

Detecting the anomaly of human behavior is paramount to timely recognizing endangering situations, such as street fights or elderly falls. However, anomaly detection is complex, since anomalous events are rare and because it is an open set recognition task, i.e., what is anomalous at inference has not been observed at training. We propose COSKAD, a novel model which encodes skeletal human motion by an efficient graph convolutional network and learns to COntract SKeletal kinematic embeddings onto a latent hypersphere of minimum volume for Anomaly Detection. We propose and analyze three latent space designs for COSKAD: the commonly-adopted Euclidean, and the new spherical-radial and hyperbolic volumes. All three variants outperform the state-of-the-art, including video-based techniques, on the ShangaiTechCampus, the Avenue, and on the most recent UBnormal dataset, for which we contribute novel skeleton annotations and the selection of human-related *** source code and dataset will be released upon acceptance. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Kinematics

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