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37th IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference, SOCC 2024

作者： Liu, Shuang Radetzki, Martin University of Stuttgart Embedded Systems Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377569

Chiplet-based systems have become prominent in large systems-on-Chips (SoCs) as a means to mitigate increasing design costs. However, the integration of multiple chiplets introduces new challenges in the interconnection network, potentially leading to deadlocks. In this paper, we propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based design approach to address this issue. Our method considers various design factors for deadlock-free routing, such as topology, latency, load balancing, path diversity, and fault tolerance, applicable to both general-purpose chiplets and application-specific chiplets. It facilitates the determination of optimal turn restrictions for general-purpose chiplets or constructs optimal deadlock-free routing paths for application-specific chiplets if the communication patterns are known. The results demonstrate the capability of the method to find optimal solutions under various design considerations. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Integer linear programming

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Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Snapshot DOA Estimation with Imperfection Mitigation

Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Sna...

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2023 IEEE International Radar Conference, RADAR 2023

作者： De Oliveira, Marcio L. Lima Bekooij, Marco J. G. University of Twente Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems Enschede Netherlands University of Twente Department of Embedded Software and Signal Processing Nxp Semiconductors Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482783

In this paper, we discuss the fusion of deep neural networks with the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) algorithm for estimating both the Direction Of Arrival (DOA) of MIMO radars and the number of sources for a single-snapshot scenario using a Minimum Redundancy antenna Array (MRA) with imperfections and evaluating it with synthetic and real-world data. The combination of Deep Learning (DL) with the classical MLE seems to be a viable solution for this problem, as it is less computationally intensive than a classical MLE while not losing generalization and being better at estimating the number of sources. In both our experiments, using synthetic and real-world data, our method performs close to MLE and appears to be a deployable solution for real scenarios. Besides reducing the computational load of MLE, the novelty of our model lies in the fact that the deep learning model learns the gain and phase errors as a function of the direction of arrival instead of applying a simple calibration. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Maximum likelihood estimation

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3D INS/UWB based real time sensor fusion indoor position tracking architecture 13

3D INS/UWB based real time sensor fusion indoor position tra...

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13th IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference, IEMCON 2022

作者： Kirchhoff, Michael Debo, Saad Nau, Johannes Group for Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems Technische Universität Ilmenau Ilmenau Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781665463164

ISBN: (纸本)9781665463164

Accurate indoor position tracking and analysis of the movement dynamics of autonomous driving systems are important challenges when it comes to automatize industrial processing, supply chains or warehouses. In this paper, the authors present an indoor position tracking architecture with a novel sensor fusion approach for autonomous robots in three-dimensional space. For robots to be able to drive autonomous, they need information of their position, speed and orientation in 3D-space. With the presented architecture, position information is provided by the Indoor Positioning System (IPS) and orientation information as well as velocity are determined by the Inertial Navigation System (INS). The proposed tracking architecture combines those informations with a sensor fusion approach, thus enabling the autonomous driving system. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Real time systems

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EVOAL: A Domain-Specific Language-Based Approach to Optimisation

EVOAL: A Domain-Specific Language-Based Approach to Optimisa...

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2023 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2023

作者： Berger, Bernhard J. Plump, Christina Drechlser, Rolf Institute of Embedded Systems Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany Dfki GmbH-Cyber-Physical Systems Bremen28359 Germany University Bremen - Computer Architecture Bremen28359 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350314588

Adapting optimisation algorithms, such as evolutionary algorithms, to a problem is a necessity. The required collection and exchange of domain information is an important but tedious task in real-world projects involving several experts from different areas of expertise (e.g. the domain and the optimisation area). This paper presents a structured approach that allows the experts to systematically provide their knowledge using domain-specific languages. The presented approach defines a different language for the involved experts that enables them to add their knowledge and use the information provided by other experts. The languages are extensible, allowing the addition of new optimisation aspects without changing the actual language. These languages are the front-end to a versatile open-source optimisation tool, that we built, enabling the actual execution of the optimisation. It additionally provides features for surrogate models as well as data generation and different benchmarks for evaluation. Conducting a user study, we show that the language is suitable to express the domain knowledge and domain experts can use the language to describe their domain knowledge after a short introduction. This way, the approach reduces the effort for domain experts in providing their information. As a side effect, the complete configuration of the optimisation execution through these languages allows an easy and reliable reproduction. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Genetic algorithms

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Integer Linear Programming Based Design of Deadlock-Free Routing for Chiplet-Based systems

Integer Linear Programming Based Design of Deadlock-Free Rou...

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IEEE International SOC Conference

作者： Shuang Liu Martin Radetzki Chair of Embedded Systems Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350377569

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377576

关键词： Fault tolerance Network topology Chiplets Fault tolerant systems System recovery Integer linear programming Routing Load management Topology System-on-chip

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Synergistic Floorplanning and Routing Topology Co-design for Application-Specific NoC Synthesis

Synergistic Floorplanning and Routing Topology Co-design for...

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IEEE International Symposium on embedded Multicore Socs (MCSoC)

作者： Shuang Liu Martin Radetzki Chair of Embedded Systems Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331530471

ISBN: (纸本)9798331530488

Network-on-Chip (NoC) offers a promising solution for on-chip communication in highly integrated System-on-Chips (SoCs). NoCs can be designed with either regular or application-specific network topologies. While regular topologies are easy to design, they are not ideal for systems with heterogeneous processing elements (PEs) that vary in size. The design of application-specific NoCs, however, involves several interrelated problems that impact each other. This work addresses the challenges in the synthesis of application-specific NoCs by proposing an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) framework. This framework enables the co-design of major problems, including floorplanning, routing topology generation, routing path construction, and application mapping. Although the ILP framework can be applied to each problem individually or in a stepwise manner, the co-design of these interconnected problems allows synthesis steps to interact, enabling designers to explore the entire design space. Using this framework, we have analyzed various design configurations in the synthesis of application-specific NoCs.

关键词： Network topology Multicore processing Fault tolerant systems Network-on-chip System recovery Integer linear programming Routing Linear programming Topology Wire

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Is the powersave governor really saving power?

Is the powersave governor really saving power?

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IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID)

作者： Darong Huang Luis Costero David Atienza Embedded Systems Laboratory (ESL) EPFL Switzerland Dpto. of Computer Architecture and Automatics UCM Spain

ISBN: (数字)9798350395662

ISBN: (纸本)9798350395679

A frequency scaling governor is critical for the performance management of cloud servers, as it enhances energy efficiency and helps to control operational temperatures, thereby ensuring system reliability. However, our in-depth analysis of the application’s performance and Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) actions, alongside assessments of server power consumption and operating temperature, indicates that existing Linux scaling governors often fall into non-optimal DVFS strategies, especially for cloud applications with varying workloads and requests. This shortfall comes from the misleading CPU load metrics, which fail to accurately capture the applications’ true performance requirements and demands. In this context, we introduce a novel scaling governor named GreenDVFS. First, it identifies the optimal frequencies for the application in a range of workload scenarios. Optimal frequencies are used to maintain application performance, reduce server power consumption, and maintain a balanced operating temperature in different workload scenarios. Furthermore, we design a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based time series methodology to detect the real-time workloads of cloud applications accurately and timely. Building on these foundations, the proposed method takes optimal DVFS actions, tailored for cloud applications under different workload conditions, to optimize performance, energy efficiency, and temperature. The experimental results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed GreenDVFS, with up to 18% savings in energy consumption and a 30% decrease in operational temperature by comparing against the default Linux governor, all while not compromising the application’s performance. Such improvements help to optimize cloud computing operations for enhanced efficiency and sustainability.

关键词： Cloud computing Runtime Power demand Temperature Linux Time series analysis Energy efficiency Real-time systems Temperature control Servers

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Systematic Construction of Deadlock-Free Routing for NoC Using Integer Linear Programming

Systematic Construction of Deadlock-Free Routing for NoC Usi...

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IEEE International Symposium on embedded Multicore Socs (MCSoC)

作者： Shuang Liu Martin Radetzki Chair of Embedded Systems Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

Network-on-Chip (NoC) presents a promising solution for on-chip communication in highly integrated System-on-Chips (SoCs). This work addresses critical challenges in NoC design, including routing construction, application mapping, and particularly the issue of deadlocks in the widely-used wormhole routing method. In this paper, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) approach for deadlock-free routing is proposed, applicable to arbitrary network topologies. We systematically analyze deadlock-free routing construction for mesh and torus topologies under uniform random traffic and provide alternative solutions to turn models. In the context of application-specific NoCs, application mapping, and deadlock-free routing are integrated within a single ILP. Through evaluation with several benchmark applications, it is demonstrated that the ILP method consistently delivers optimal solutions and could obtain better results than various heuristic methods within an acceptable time. Fault tolerance is also explored and existing techniques are incorporated into the ILP approach. As an illustrative example, application mapping and a 1-link-fault-tolerant deadlock-free routing for the MP3 application on a mesh network is performed.

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Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Snapshot DOA Estimation with Imperfection Mitigation

Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Sna...

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IEEE International Conference on Radar

作者： Marcio L. Lima De Oliveira Marco J. G. Bekooij Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands Department of Embedded Software and Signal Processing NXP Semiconductors University of Twente Eindhoven The Netherlands

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FADE: Forecasting for Anomaly Detection on ECG

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ruiz-Barroso, Paula Castro, Francisco M. Miranda, José Constantinescu, Denisa-Andreea Atienza, David Guil, Nicolás Department of Computer Architecture University of Málaga Malaga29071 Spain Embedded Systems Laboratory the École Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of noncommunicable disease-related deaths, require early and accurate detection to improve patient outcomes. Taking advantage of advances in machine learning and deep learning, multiple approaches have been proposed in the literature to address the challenge of detecting ECG anomalies. Typically, these methods are based on the manual interpretation of ECG signals, which is time consuming and depends on the expertise of healthcare professionals. The objective of this work is to propose a deep learning system, FADE, designed for normal ECG forecasting and anomaly detection, which reduces the need for extensive labeled datasets and manual interpretation. Methods: We propose FADE, a deep learning system designed for normal ECG forecasting, trained in a self-supervised manner with a novel morphological inspired loss function, that can be used for anomaly detection. Unlike conventional models that learn from labeled anomalous ECG waveforms, our approach predicts the future of normal ECG signals, thus avoiding the need for extensive labeled datasets. Using a novel distance function to compare forecasted ECG signals with actual sensor data, our method effectively identifies cardiac anomalies. Additionally, this approach can be adapted to new contexts (e.g., different sensors, patients, etc.) through domain adaptation techniques. To evaluate our proposal, we performed a set of experiments using two publicly available datasets: MIT-BIH NSR and MIT-BIH Arrythmia. Results: The results demonstrate that our system achieves an average accuracy of 83.84% in anomaly detection, while correctly classifying normal ECG signals with an accuracy of 85.46%. Conclusions: Our proposed approach exhibited superior performance in the early detection of cardiac anomalies in ECG signals, surpassing previous methods that predominantly identify a limited range of anomalies. FADE effectively detects both abnormal heartbeats and arrhy

关键词： Electrocardiography

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