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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ruiz-Barroso, Paula Castro, Francisco M. Miranda, José Constantinescu, Denisa-Andreea Atienza, David Guil, Nicolás Department of Computer Architecture University of Málaga Malaga29071 Spain Embedded Systems Laboratory the École Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of noncommunicable disease-related deaths, require early and accurate detection to improve patient outcomes. Taking advantage of advances in machine learning and deep learning, multiple approaches have been proposed in the literature to address the challenge of detecting ECG anomalies. Typically, these methods are based on the manual interpretation of ECG signals, which is time consuming and depends on the expertise of healthcare professionals. The objective of this work is to propose a deep learning system, FADE, designed for normal ECG forecasting and anomaly detection, which reduces the need for extensive labeled datasets and manual interpretation. Methods: We propose FADE, a deep learning system designed for normal ECG forecasting, trained in a self-supervised manner with a novel morphological inspired loss function, that can be used for anomaly detection. Unlike conventional models that learn from labeled anomalous ECG waveforms, our approach predicts the future of normal ECG signals, thus avoiding the need for extensive labeled datasets. Using a novel distance function to compare forecasted ECG signals with actual sensor data, our method effectively identifies cardiac anomalies. Additionally, this approach can be adapted to new contexts (e.g., different sensors, patients, etc.) through domain adaptation techniques. To evaluate our proposal, we performed a set of experiments using two publicly available datasets: MIT-BIH NSR and MIT-BIH Arrythmia. Results: The results demonstrate that our system achieves an average accuracy of 83.84% in anomaly detection, while correctly classifying normal ECG signals with an accuracy of 85.46%. Conclusions: Our proposed approach exhibited superior performance in the early detection of cardiac anomalies in ECG signals, surpassing previous methods that predominantly identify a limited range of anomalies. FADE effectively detects both abnormal heartbeats and arrhy

关键词： Electrocardiography

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Trikarenos: Design and Experimental Characterization of a Fault-Tolerant 28nm RISC-V-based SoC

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IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 2025年

作者： Rogenmoser, Michael Wiese, Philip Forlin, Bruno Endres Gurkaynak, Frank K. Rech, Paolo Menicucci, Alessandra Ottavi, Marco Benini, Luca Integrated Systems Laboratory ETH Zurich Switzerland Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems University of Twente Netherlands Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Italy Delft University of Technology Department of Space Engineering Netherlands University of Rome Department of Electronic Engineering Tor Vergata Italy Information Engineering at the University of Bologna Department of Electrical Electronic Italy

RISC-V-based fault-tolerant system-on-chip (SoC) designs are critical for the new generation of automotive and space SoC architectures. However, reliability assessment requires characterization under controlled radiation doses to accurately quantify the fault tolerance of the fabricated designs. This work analyzes the Trikarenos design, a SoC implemented in TSMC 28nm, for single event upset (SEU) vulnerability under atmospheric neutron and 200MeV proton radiation, comparing these results to simulation-based fault injection. All faults in error correction codes (ECC) protected memory are corrected by a scrubber, showing an estimated cross-section per bit of up to 1.09 × 10−14 cm2 bit−1. Furthermore, the triple-core lockstep (TCLS) mechanism implemented in Trikarenos is validated and is shown to correct errors affecting a cross-section up to 3.23 × 10−11 cm2, with the remaining uncorrectable vulnerability below 5.36 × 10−12 cm2. When augmenting the experimental analysis of fabricated chips with gate-level fault injection in simulation, 99.10% of injections into the SoC produced correct results, while 100% of injections in the TCLS-protected cores were handled *** 12.28%of all injected faults leading to a TCLS recovery, this indicates an approximate effective flip-flop cross-section of up to 1.28 × 10−14 cm2/FF. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Radiation damage

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Data centric wireless sensor networks

Data centric wireless sensor networks

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2005 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show - NSTI Nanotech 2005

作者： Dulman, S. Havinga, P. Computer Architecture Design and Test for Embedded Systems Department University of Twente Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)0976798522

While having the simple task of gathering the most basic information, wireless sensor networks can pose very complex design challenges because of the limited quantity of resources available. The (often too complex) protocols needed to assure the quality and the amount of needed data are usually hard to implement in the target hardware. The aim of this paper is to present a new architecture more suited for the wireless sensor networks than what is already available. The new architecture is designed to suit the dynamic environments in which these systems will be deployed.

关键词： Networks (circuits)

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A dataflow inspired programming paradigm for coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays

A dataflow inspired programming paradigm for coarse-grained ...

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10th International Symposium on Reconfigurable Computing: architectures, Tools, and Applications, ARC 2014

作者： Niedermeier, A. Kuper, Jan Smit, Gerard J. M. Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems Group Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science University of Twente Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9783319059594

In this paper, we present a new approach towards programming coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) in an intuitive, dataflow inspired way. Based on the observation that available CGRAs are usually programmed using C, which lacks proper support for instruction-level parallelism, we instead started from a dataflow perspective combined with a language that inherently supports parallel structures. Our programming paradigm decouples the local functionality of a core from the global flow of data, i.e. the kernels from the routing. We will describe the ideas of our programming paradigm and also the language and compiler itself. Our complete system, including the CGRA, the programming language and the compiler, was developed using Haskell, which leads to a complete, sound system. We finish the paper with the implementation of a number of algorithms using our system. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

关键词： Program compilers

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Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Snapshot DOA Estimation with Imperfection Mitigation

Fusion Model Using a Neural Network and MLE for a Single Sna...

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2023 IEEE International Radar Conference, RADAR 2023

作者： De Oliveira, Marcio L. Lima Bekooij, Marco J. G. University of Twente Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems Enschede Netherlands University of Twente Department of Embedded Software and Signal Processing Nxp Semiconductors Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482783

In this paper, we discuss the fusion of deep neural networks with the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) algorithm for estimating both the Direction Of Arrival (DOA) of MIMO radars and the number of sources for a single-snapshot scenario using a Minimum Redundancy antenna Array (MRA) with imperfections and evaluating it with synthetic and real-world data. The combination of Deep Learning (DL) with the classical MLE seems to be a viable solution for this problem, as it is less computationally intensive than a classical MLE while not losing generalization and being better at estimating the number of sources. In both our experiments, using synthetic and real-world data, our method performs close to MLE and appears to be a deployable solution for real scenarios. Besides reducing the computational load of MLE, the novelty of our model lies in the fact that the deep learning model learns the gain and phase errors as a function of the direction of arrival instead of applying a simple calibration. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Maximum likelihood estimation

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Adaptive resource allocation for streaming applications

Adaptive resource allocation for streaming applications

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2011 11th International Conference on embedded computer systems: architectures, Modeling and Simulation, IC-SAMOS 2011

作者： Ter Braak, Timon D. Toersche, Hermen A. Kokkeler, André B.J. Smit, Gerard J.M. Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems Group Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781457708008

Streaming applications often have latency and throughput requirements due to timing critical signal processing, or the time critical interaction with their environment. Mapping such applications to a multi-core architecture is commonly done at design-time to be able to analyze the complex design-space. However, such design-flows cannot deal with a dynamic platform or a dynamic set of applications. Hardware faults and resources claimed by other applications may render the assumed available resources inaccessible. To avoid the assumptions posed on the state of the platform by a fixed resource allocation, applications should be designed with location transparency in mind. Applications must be analyzed at design-time to determine the required resource budget, independent of which specific resources will be allocated. Sufficient performance can be guaranteed when such applications are mapped onto an architecture in which each resource is arbitrated using a budget scheduler. Within the Cutting edge Reconfigurable ICs for Stream Processing (CRISP) project, a many-core platform is developed that adheres to these requirements. Using the configuration features of the platform, the system is able to control at run-time what resources are being used by the applications. This paper shows that run-time resource allocation can effectively adapt to the available set of resources, providing partial distribution transparency to the user. As an example, a GNSS receiver is mapped to the platform containing faulty hardware components. A few resources remain critical, but in most cases the faulty components can be circumvented, such that adequate resources can be allocated to the application at run-time. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Budget control

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Multi-domain transformational design flow for embedded systems

Multi-domain transformational design flow for embedded syste...

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2011 11th International Conference on embedded computer systems: architectures, Modeling and Simulation, IC-SAMOS 2011

作者： Rovers, Kenneth C. Van De Burgwal, Marcel D. Kuper, Jan Kokkeler, André B.J. Smit, Gerard J. M. Computer Architecture for Embedded Systems Group Department of EEMCS CTIT University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781457708008

Current tools for embedded system design have limited support for modelling the interaction of the system with its physical environment. Furthermore, the natural representation of (streaming, real-time) applications with dataflow models is not supported by most tools. However, integrating multiple domains supports the design of complex interdisciplinary systems and enables model transformations. In this paper we discuss a unified approach, called UniTi, to handle continuous and discrete time models in a single framework, which includes the dataflow model as well. Our approach consists of a transformational design flow, expressed mathematically in a functional language. We formally distinguish the various domains and explain their interaction. In addition, we give guidelines for specifying algorithms such that these transformations can be applied. Our approach is illustrated with a non-trivial case study: beamforming in a phased array system. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： embedded systems

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A predictor-based power-saving policy for DRAM memories

A predictor-based power-saving policy for DRAM memories

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15th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design, DSD 2012

作者： Thomas, Gervin Chandrasekar, Karthik Åkesson, Benny Juurlink, Ben Goossens, Kees Technische Universität Berlin Department of Computer Engineering and Microelectronics Embedded Systems Architecture Berlin Germany Technische Universiteit Delft Department of Computer Engineering Delft Netherlands Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780769547985

Reducing power/energy consumption is an important goal for all computer systems, from servers to battery-driven hand-held devices. To achieve this goal, the energy consumption of all system components needs to be reduced. One of the most power-hungry components is the off-chip DRAM, even when it is idle. DRAMs support different power-saving modes, such as self-refresh and power-down, but employing them every time the DRAM is idle, reduces performance due to their power-up latencies. The self-refresh mode offers large power savings, but incurs a long power-up latency. The power-down mode, on the other hand, has a shorter power-up latency, but provides lower power savings. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel power-saving policy that combines the best of both power-saving modes in order to achieve significant power reductions with a marginal performance penalty. To accomplish this, we use a history-based predictor to forecast the duration of an idle period and then either employ self-refresh, or power-down, or a combination of both power saving modes. Significant refinements are made to the predictor to maximize the energy savings and minimize the performance penalty. The presented policy is evaluated using several applications from the multimedia domain and the experimental results show that it reduces the total DRAM energy consumption between 68.8% and 79.9% at a negligible performance penalty between 0.3% and 2.2%. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Dynamic random access storage

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Accurate dead code detection in embedded C code by arithmetic constraint solving 1

Accurate dead code detection in embedded C code by arithmeti...

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1st Workshop on Satisfiability Checking and Symbolic Computation, SC-Square 2016

作者： Neubauer, Felix Scheibler, Karsten Becker, Bernd Mahdi, Ahmed Fränzle, Martin Teige, Tino Bienmüller, Tom Fehrer, Detlef Department of Computer Architecture University of Freiburg Germany Research Group Hybrid Systems Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Germany BTC Embedded Systems AG Oldenburg Germany Sick AG Waldkirch Germany

Unreachable code fragments in software, despite not having a negative impact on the functional behavior, can have a bad effect in other areas, such as code optimization or coverage-based code validation and certification. Especially the latter is important in industrial, safety critical environments, where detecting such dead code is a major goal to adjust the coverage of software tests. In the context of embedded systems we focus on C programs which are reactive, control-oriented, and floating-point dominated. Such programs are either automatically generated from Simulink-plus-Stateflow models or hand-written according to coding guidelines. While there are various techniques - e. g. abstract interpretation or Counterexample guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) - to deal with individual issues of this domain, there is none which can cover all of them. The AVACS transfer project T1 aims at the combination of these techniques in order to provide an accurate and efficient dead code detection. In this paper we present the ideas and goals of the project as well as the current status (including very promising experimental results) and future challenges. Copyright © by the paper's authors.

关键词： Formal verification

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Smart Sensing and Context 1

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丛书名： Lecture Notes in computer Science

1000年

作者： Paul Havinga Maria Lijding Nirvana Meratnia Maarten Wegdam

ISBN: (数字)9783540478454

ISBN: (纸本)9783540478423

This volume contains the papers and posters selected for presentation at the First European Conference on Smart Sensing and Context (EuroSSC 2006) in Enschede, The Netherlands. EuroSSC 2006 was the ?rst conference of a series aiming at bringing together designers, engineers and researchers to explore two complementary viewpoints: – A device-centric,technology-drivenview: concerning intelligent sensors,s- sor networks and information processing for a new generation of networked devices and environments. – A service-centric, user-driven view: exploring architectures, techniques, and algorithms for context-aware and pro-active applications made possible by thedi?usionofambientcommunication,cooperatingobjects,andinteraction technologies. These subjects are active and relevant research areas in themselves, and there are several conferences that address them separately. EuroSSC 2006, however, considered them both, and especially the symbiosis between them, which we expect to result in very inspiring and interesting discussions, as well as new research ideas on how to combine them. The conference was organized in single tracks covering various issues ra- ing from intelligent sensors, sensor networks, context management and context awareness,andprivacy,toapplicationsandtestbeds. Organizingaconferencefor the ?rst time requires lots of preparations, such as ?nding a publisher, spons- ing organizations,and TPC members and most importantly attracting potential submitters. Fortunately, the amount and quality of the submissions were such that we were in the luxurious position to be able to accept only high quality and relevant papers. The conference attracted world wide attention and submissions came from ?ve continents. A total of 15 accepted full papers and 14accepted posters came from Asia, North America and Europe.

关键词： Information systems Applications (incl. Internet) Information Storage and Retrieval computer Communication Networks User Interfaces and Human computer Interaction Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity Communications Engineering, Networks

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