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A Novel Lightweight IoT Intrusion Detection Model Based on Self-knowledge Distillation

IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 16912-16930页

作者： Wang, Zhendong Zhou, Renqiang Yang, Shuxin He, Daojing Chan, Sammy Jiangxi University of Science and Technology School of Information Engineering Ganzhou341000 China Nanchang University Software Engineering Institute Nanchang330047 China Harbin Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China City University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical Engineering Hong Kong

The Internet of Things (IoT) environment contains many different types of devices, each with different functionalities, communication protocols, and security capabilities, which makes the IoT a complex challenge for security protection. Therefore, network intrusion detection (NID) is needed to detect intrusions in the network to secure the IoT. In recent years, deep learning-based intrusion detection systems have achieved excellent results, but they tend to require high computational resources and storage space, which is not feasible for most IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a lightweight intrusion detection model based on self-knowledge distillation, namely TBCLNN, which improves the detection accuracy while also reducing the number of model parameters and computational cost. Specifically, we use the binary Harris Hawk optimization algorithm for dimensionality reduction of traffic features. We use lightweight convolution, such as Tied Block Convolution (TBC), to design lightweight neural network models with residual and inverse residual structures. Moreover, we propose an improved self-knowledge distillation loss function to solve the sample imbalance problem and compensate for the performance degradation caused by lightweight neural networks. The multiclassification accuracy of our proposed method exceeds 99% on all three publicly available IoT datasets. The experimental results show that our method has a small model size and requires only low computational resources, making it suitable for resource-constrained IoT intrusion detection. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Network intrusion

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Air Pollutant (CO) Forecasting: A Hybrid Approach Using Gooseneck Barnacle Optimization and Artificial Neural Networks 4

Air Pollutant (CO) Forecasting: A Hybrid Approach Using Goos...

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4th IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity, ICAIC 2025

作者： Ahmed, Marzia Mohamad, Ahmad Johari Hassan, Md Maruf Bhuiyan, Touhid Department of Software Engineering Dhaka Bangladesh Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology Malaysia Southeast University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dhaka Bangladesh School of IT VA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331518882

Air quality forecasting is critical for environmental monitoring and public health, and in this study, we propose a hybrid approach utilizing Gooseneck Barnacle Optimization (GBO) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to enhance predictive accuracy. The air quality dataset, comprising pollutant concentrations (CO, NOx, benzene) and meteorological factors (temperature, humidity), is sourced from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. GBO is employed to fine-tune the ANN's hyperparameters (especially the weight and bias), as well as the number of layers, neurons, and activation functions, to improve regression-based forecasting. The GBOANN model achieves a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.562 and a Root Mean Squared Percentage Error (RMSPE) of 5.63%, outperforming other metaheuristic methods like BMO, SSA, DA, MVO, and EMA. This study demonstrates the GBO-ANN model's potential for accurate real-time air quality forecasting, offering a robust, sustainable solution. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Air Quality GBO Metaheuristic Neural Network Time series forecasting

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SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing

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Discover Computing 2025年第1期28卷 1-17页

作者： Mohanty, Subhasish Mishra, Jyotirmaya Mohapatra, Sudhir Kumar Bejo, Seifu Detso Deferisha, Aliazar Deneke Computer Science and Engineering GIET University Odisha Gunupur India Faculty of Engineering and Technology Sri Sri University Cuttack India Department of Software Engineering CCI Wolkite University Wolkite Ethiopia Faculty of Computing and Software Engineering Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia

In today's software testing community, quality assessment remains critical, with mutation testing standing as a cornerstone technique for evaluating the effectiveness of test cases. This method involves introducing faulty code, or mutants, into the program to assess the quality of the test suite and other testing methods. However, mutation testing faces challenges such as the generation of numerous mutants, the presence of equivalent mutants that are difficult to detect through testing, and the lack of realistic mutant creation. Literature reviews indicate significant efforts to address these issues through formal solutions and heuristic methods. Recent optimization-based methods are now recognized as cost-effective result in an optimized solution. Hence, to overcome these limitations, this study introduces SQUMUTH, a novel approach for high-order mutant generation based on the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA). Inspired by the foraging behavior of squirrels, SSA offers a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of mutation testing. Experimental evaluations on eight well-known Java benchmark programs demonstrate that SQUMUTH outperforms existing methods. Comparative analyses of mutation scores and the rates of realistic mutants consistently show its better performance across all subject programs compared to other state-of-the-art methods such as Social Group Optimization, Binary Genetic Algorithm, and random testing. The experimental results underscore its effectiveness in generating more realistic mutants. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach has the potential to advance software testing by improving the cost-effectiveness of mutation analysis and the quality of software systems. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： First-order mutants Higher-order mutants Mutation score Mutation testing software testing Squirrel search algorithm

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An Empirical Study on Meta Virtual Reality Applications: Security and Privacy Perspectives

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IEEE Transactions on software engineering 2025年第5期51卷 1437-1454页

作者： Guo, Hanyang Dai, Hong-Ning Luo, Xiapu Xu, Gengyang He, Fengliang Zheng, Zibin Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Computer Science 999077 Hong Kong Sun Yat-sen University School of Software Engineering Zhuhai519082 China The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Computing 999077 Hong Kong

Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, but it is not a fundamentally new technology. On the one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS (e.g., Android OS). As a result, VR apps also inevitably inherit privacy and security deficiencies from conventional mobile apps. On the other hand, in contrast to traditional mobile apps, VR apps can achieve an immersive experience via diverse VR devices, such as head-mounted displays, body sensors, and controllers. However, achieving this requires the extensive collection of privacy-sensitive human biometrics (e.g., hand-tracking and face-tracking data). Moreover, VR apps have been typically implemented by 3D gaming engines (e.g., Unity), which also contain intrinsic security vulnerabilities. Inappropriate use of these technologies may incur privacy leaks and security vulnerabilities although these issues have not received significant attention compared to the proliferation of diverse VR apps. In this paper, we develop a security and privacy assessment tool, namely the VR-SP detector for VR apps. The VR-SP detector has integrated program static analysis tools and privacy-policy analysis methods. Using the VR-SP detector, we conduct a comprehensive empirical study on 900 popular VR apps. We obtain the original apps from the popular SideQuest app store and extract Android PacKage (APK) files via the Meta Quest 2 device. We evaluate the security vulnerabilities and privacy data leaks of these VR apps through VR app analysis, taint analysis, privacy policy analysis, and user review analysis. We find that a number of security vulnerabilities and privacy leaks widely exist in VR apps. Moreover, our results also reveal conflicting representations in the privacy policies of these apps and inconsistencies of the actual data collection with the privacy-policy statements of the apps. Further, user reviews also indicate their privacy concerns about rele

关键词： Differential privacy

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Uni4DAL: A Unified Baseline for Multi-dataset 4D Auto-Labeling 27th

Uni4DAL: A Unified Baseline for Multi-dataset 4D Auto-Label...

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27th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2024

作者： Yang, Zhiyuan Wang, Xuekuan Zhang, Wei Tan, Xiao Lu, Jinchen Wang, Jingdong Ding, Errui Lai, Zhihui Zhao, Cairong Department of Computer Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai201804 China Baidu Inc. Beijing China College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031781124

The 4D auto-labeling system, with its potential to enhance data annotation efficiency for 3D object detection, has garnered significant attention. However, its adoption has been hampered by the high costs associated with temporally annotated long-sequential training data and limited generalization capabilities across diverse scenarios. In this paper, we hypothesize that a multi-dataset approach can address these challenges and, accordingly, first introduce a Unified training pipeline for multi-dataset 4D Auto-Labeling, namely Uni4DAL. We recognize that this is a challenging task, primarily due to data-level variations and feature-level inconsistencies among various datasets. Motivated by this understanding, we initially propose a series of Data-Level Alignment (DLA) operations to mitigate potential discrepancies between diverse datasets and ensure synchronized training progress across samples from multiple datasets. Furthermore, to address feature-level inconsistencies, we introduce the Mixed Expert Models Voxel Feature Encoding (MoE-VFE) module, which aims to extract both domain-specific and domain-generalizable features. Additionally, we employ a Domain-Adaptive Hard Example Mining (DA-HEM) technique to leverage both data-level and feature-level consistencies, ensuring that the model pays enhanced attention to the challenging samples during multi-dataset training. Finally, comprehensive experiments demonstrate that Uni4DAL significantly improves performance on the nuScenes, Argoverse2, and Waymo datasets, and exhibits greater robustness with insufficient training data. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： 4D auto-labeling Multi-dataset training Offline 3D object detection

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Evaluating AI-powered predictive solutions for MRI in lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review

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Artificial Intelligence Review 2025年第8期58卷 1-78页

作者： Al-antari, Mugahed A. Salem, Saied Raza, Mukhlis Elbadawy, Ahmed S. Bütün, Ertan Aydin, Ahmet Arif Aydoğan, Murat Ertuğrul, Bilal Talo, Muhammed Gu, Yeong Hyeon Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science College of AI Convergence Daeyang AI Center Sejong University Seoul05006 Korea Republic of Department of Artificial Intelligence College of AI Convergence Daeyang AI Center Sejong University Seoul05006 Korea Republic of Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Fırat University Elazığ Turkey Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Inonu University Malatya Turkey Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Technology Fırat University Elazığ Turkey Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Fırat University Elazığ Turkey Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of North Texas DentonTX76205 United States

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal, leading to compression of the spinal cord and nerves in the lower back. Common causes include injuries, degenerative age-related changes, congenital conditions, and tumors, all of which contribute to back pain. Early diagnosis is critical for symptom management, preventing progression, and preserving quality of life. This study systematically reviews AI-based approaches for predicting LSS using MRI axial and sagittal imaging. The review focuses on various AI tasks: detection, segmentation, classification, hybrid approaches, spinal index measurements (SIM), and explainable AI frameworks. The aim is to highlight current knowledge, identify limitations in existing models, and propose future research directions. Following PRISMA guidelines and the PICO method (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), the review collects data from databases like PubMed, Web of science, scienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore (2005–2024). The Rayyan AI tool is used for duplicate removal and screening. The screening process includes an initial review of titles and abstracts, followed by full-text appraisal. The Meta Quality Appraisal Tool (MetaQAT) assesses the quality of selected articles. Of 1323 records, 97 duplicates were removed. After screening, 895 records were excluded, leaving 331 for full-text review. Among these, 184 articles were excluded for lacking AI relevance. Ultimately, 95 key articles (91 technical papers and 4 reviews) were identified for their contributions to AI-based LSS prediction. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of AI techniques in LSS prediction, guiding future research and advancing understanding in areas like explainable AI and large language models (LLMs). © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) Harmonization Large language models (LLMs) LSS prediction Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) Spinal LSS indices measurements

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Parkinson’s Disease Detection from Resting State EEG Using Multi-head Graph Structure Learning with Gradient Weighted Graph Attention Explanations 7th

Parkinson’s Disease Detection from Resting State EEG Using...

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7th International Workshop on Machine Learning in Clinical Neuroimaging, MLCN 2024, Held in Conjunction with 27th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2024

作者： Neves, Christopher Zeng, Yong Xiao, Yiming Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Concordia University MontrealQC Canada Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering Concordia University MontrealQC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9783031787607

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that has severe impacts on an individual’s quality of life. Compared with structural and functional MRI-based biomarkers for the disease, electroencephalography (EEG) can provide more accessible alternatives for clinical insights. While deep learning (DL) techniques have provided excellent outcomes, many techniques fail to model spatial information and dynamic brain connectivity, and face challenges in robust feature learning, limited data sizes, and poor explainability. To address these issues, we proposed a novel graph neural network (GNN) technique for explainable PD detection using resting state EEG. Specifically, we employ structured global convolutions with contrastive learning to better model complex features with limited data, a novel multi-head graph structure learner to capture the non-Euclidean structure of EEG data, and a head-wise gradient-weighted graph attention explainer to offer neural connectivity insights. We developed and evaluated our method using the UC San Diego Parkinson’s disease EEG dataset, and achieved 69.40% detection accuracy in subject-wise leave-one-out cross-validation while generating intuitive explanations for the learnt graph topology. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Migrant Resettlement by Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第1期6卷 51-65页

作者： Liu, Dan-Xuan Gu, Yu-Ran Qian, Chao Mu, Xin Tang, Ke Nanjing University National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology School of Artificial Intelligence Nanjing210023 China Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen518000 China Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shenzhen518055 China

Migration has been a universal phenomenon, which brings opportunities as well as challenges for global development. As the number of migrants (e.g., refugees) increases rapidly, a key challenge faced by each country is the problem of migrant resettlement. This problem has attracted scientific research attention, from the perspective of maximizing the employment rate. Previous works mainly formulated migrant resettlement as an approximately submodular optimization problem subject to multiple matroid constraints and employed the greedy algorithm, whose performance, however, may be limited due to its greedy nature. In this article, we propose a new framework called migrant resettlement by evolutionary multiobjective optimization (MR-EMO), which reformulates migrant resettlement as a biobjective optimization problem that maximizes the expected number of employed migrants and minimizes the number of dispatched migrants simultaneously, and employs a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) to solve the biobjective problem. We implement MR-EMO using three MOEAs: the popular nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), MOEA based on decomposition (MOEA/D) as well as the theoretically grounded global simple evolutionary multiobjective optimizer (GSEMO). To further improve the performance of MR-EMO, we propose a specific MOEA, called GSEMO using matrix-swap mutation and repair mechanism (GSEMO-SR), which has a better ability to search for feasible solutions. We prove that MR-EMO using either GSEMO or GSEMO-SR can achieve better theoretical guarantees than the previous greedy algorithm. Experimental results under the interview and coordination migration models clearly show the superiority of MR-EMO (with either NSGA-II, MOEA/D, GSEMO or GSEMO-SR) over previous algorithms, and that using GSEMO-SR leads to the best performance of MR-EMO. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Multiobjective optimization

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A New Cybersecurity Approach Enhanced by xAI-Derived Rules to Improve Network Intrusion Detection and SIEM

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第5期83卷 1607-1621页

作者： Federica Uccello Marek Pawlicki Salvatore D'Antonio RafałKozik MichałChoras Centro Direzionale Department of EngineeringUniversity of Naples‘Parthenope’Isola C4Napoli80133Italy Department of Computer and Information Science Software and SystemsLinköping UniversityLinköping58183Sweden ITTI Sp.z o.o. Pozna´n61-612Poland Faculty of Telecommunications Computer Science and Electrical EngineeringBydgoszcz University of Science and TechnologyBydgoszcz85-796Poland

The growing sophistication of cyberthreats,among others the Distributed Denial of Service attacks,has exposed limitations in traditional rule-based Security Information and Event Management *** machine learning–based intrusion detection systems can capture complex network behaviours,their“black-box”nature often limits trust and actionable insight for security *** study introduces a novel approach that integrates Explainable Artificial Intelligence—xAI—with the Random Forest classifier to derive human-interpretable rules,thereby enhancing the detection of Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)*** proposed framework combines traditional static rule formulation with advanced xAI techniques—SHapley Additive exPlanations and Scoped Rules-to extract decision criteria from a fully trained *** methodology was validated on two benchmark datasets,CICIDS2017 and *** rules were evaluated against conventional Security Information and Event Management Systems rules with metrics such as precision,recall,accuracy,balanced accuracy,and Matthews Correlation *** results demonstrate that xAI-derived rules consistently outperform traditional static ***,the most refined xAI-generated rule achieved near-perfect performance with significantly improved detection of DDoS traffic while maintaining high accuracy in classifying benign traffic across both datasets.

关键词： Cybersecurity explainable artificial intelligence intrusion detection system rule-based SIEM distributed denial of service

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Training Latency Minimization for Model-Splitting Allowed Federated Edge Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Network science and engineering 2025年第3期12卷 2081-2092页

作者： Wen, Yao Zhang, Guopeng Wang, Kezhi Yang, Kun China University of Mining and Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Xuzhou221116 China Brunel University London Department of Computer Science MiddlesexUB8 3PH United Kingdom Nanjing University State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology Nanjing210008 China School of Intelligent Software and Engineering Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Suzhou215163 China

To alleviate the shortage of computing power faced by clients in training deep neural networks (DNNs) using federated learning (FL), we leverage the edge computing and split learning to propose a model-splitting allowed FL (SFL) framework, with the aim to minimize the training latency without loss of test accuracy. Under the synchronized global update setting, the latency to complete a round of global training is determined by the maximum latency for the clients to complete a local training session. Therefore, the training latency minimization problem (TLMP) is modelled as a minimizing-maximum problem. To solve this mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, we first propose a regression method to fit the quantitative-relationship between the cut-layer and other parameters of an AI-model, and thus, transform the TLMP into a continuous problem. Considering that the two subproblems involved in the TLMP, namely, the cut-layer selection problem for the clients and the computing resource allocation problem for the parameter-server are relative independence, an alternate-optimization-based algorithm with polynomial time complexity is developed to obtain a high-quality solution to the TLMP. Extensive experiments are performed on a popular DNN-model EfficientNetV2 using dataset MNIST, and the results verify the validity and improved performance of the proposed SFL framework. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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