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China's greenhouse gas budget during 2000-2023

National Science Review 2025年第4期 24-36页

作者： Wenping Yuan Minqi Liang Yuanyi Gao Ling Huang Li Dan Hongtao Duan Songbai Hong Fei Jiang Weimin Ju Tingting Li Ziyang Lou Shilong Luan Xiao Lu Zhangcai Qin Lishan Ran Lulu Shen Fei Teng Xiangjun Tian Yilong Wang Jing Wei Jiangzhou Xia Xiaosheng Xia Lijun Yu Xu Yue Haicheng Zhang Wen Zhang Yuzhong Zhang Xu Zhao Qiuan Zhu Shilong Piao Xuhui Wang Institute of Carbon Neutrality Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle Sun Yat-sen University Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security Nanjing Institute of Geography and LimnologyChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Nanjing Institute of Geography and LimnologyChinese Academy of Sciences School of Urban Planning and Design Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Nanjing University Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology International Institute for Earth System Science Nanjing University Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery School of Environmental Science & Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of PhysicsPeking University Institute of Energy Environment and Economy Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and Environment (TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Tianjin Normal University State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology School of

National greenhouse gas（GHG） budget,including CO2,CH4and N2O has increasingly become a topic of concern in international climate *** is paying increasing attention to reducing GHG emissions and increasing land sinks to effectively mitigate climate *** estimates of GHG fluxes are crucial for monitoring progress toward mitigating GHG emissions in *** study used comprehensive methods,including emission factor methods,process-based models,atmospheric inversions,and data-driven models,to estimate the long-term trends of GHG sources and sinks from all anthropogenic and natural sectors in China's mainland during 2000-2023,and produced an up-to-date China GHG Budget dataset（CNGHG）.The total gross emissions of the three GHGs show a 3-fold increase from 5.0（95% CI:4.9-5.1） Gt CO2-eq yr-1（in 2000） to 14.3（95% CI:13.8-14.8） Gt CO2-eqyr-1（in2023）.CO2emissions represented 81.8% of the GHG emissions in 2023,while 12.7% and 5.5% were for CH4and N2O,*** the largest CO2source,the energy sector contributed 87.4% *** contrast,the agriculture,forestry and other land use sector was the largest sector of CH4and N2O,representing 50.1% and 6 6.3% emissions,***,China's terrestrial ecosystems serve as a net CO2sink(1.0 Gt CO2yr-1,9596 CI:0.2-1.9 Gt CO2yr-1) during 2012 to 2021,equivalent to an average of 14.3% of fossil *** GHG emission estimates showed a general consistency with national GHG inventories,with gridded and sector-specific estimates of GHG fluxes over China,providing the basis for curtailing GHG emissions for each region and sector.

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Measurement of the Mixing state of Pahs on Individual Particle and its Effect on Pahs Transport in Urban and Remote Areas and Major Sources

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Lian, Xiufeng Zhang, Guohua Yang, Yuxiang Chena, Mubai Yang, Wenda Cheng, Chunlei Huang, Bo Fu, Zhong Bi, Xinhui Zhoua, Zhen Lia, Mei Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution Jinan University Guangzhou510632 China State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou510640 China Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality Guangzhou510632 China Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou510640 China Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited Guangzhou510530 China

Although recent laboratory simulations have demonstrated that organics prevent PAHs from degradation, its role in the long-range transport of PAHs in the real atmosphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs-containing individual particles in aerosols from three sources, one urban area and one remote area. PAHs-containing particles are classified into five types: organic carbon (OC), KOC, KNa, Krich and PAH-rich. PAH-rich and KOC particles were the main particle types of vehicle exhaust/coal burning and biomass burning, respectively, accounting for > 50% of the PAHs-containing particles. Organics enhancement in PAHs-containing particles in the ambient atmosphere, with organic-rich (OC and KOC) particles accounting for > 90%. Further analysis suggests the increased abundance of total PAHs was closely related to the increase of the number fractions of PAHs particles mixed with organics at the remote site. This is due to the protection of organics against PAHs and/or the aging of PAHs-containing particles. Our results enhance the understanding of the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs particles in atmospheric aerosols from emission sources and urban and remote areas, and provide field observational evidence to support the promotion of long-range transport of PAHs by organics. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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Coarse particulate matter air quality in East Asia: implications for fine particulate nitrate

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhai, Shixian Jacob, Daniel J. Shah, Viral Yang, Laura Hyesung Zhang, Qiang Sun, Yele Wang, Shuxiao Luo, Gan Yu, Fangqun Woo, Jung-Hun Kim, Younha Kim, Hwajin Dibb, Jack E. Lee, Taehyoung Han, Jin-Seok Li, Ke Liao, Hong John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Atmospheric Sciences Research Center University at Albany AlbanyNY12226 United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Korea Republic of Laxenburg 2361 Austria Department of Environmental Health Sciences Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space University of New Hampshire DurhamNH03824 United States Department of Environmental Science Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Yongin449791 Korea Republic of Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering Anyang University Anyang14028 Korea Republic of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing210044 China

Air quality network data in China and South Korea show very high year-round mass concentrations of coarse particulate matter (PM) between 2.5 μm and 10 μm aerodynamic diameter, as inferred by the difference between PM10 and PM2.5 observations. This coarse PM averages 47 μg m-3 in the North China Plain (NCP) region in 2015-2019 and 21 μg m-3 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). It is dominantly contributed by urban fugitive dust, rather than by natural dust as is often presumed. Concentrations decreased by 21% from 2015 to 2019 and further dropped abruptly in 2020 due to COVID-19 reductions in construction and vehicle traffic. This anthropogenic coarse PM is generally not included in air quality models but acts as a sink of nitric acid (HNO3), thus affecting fine particulate nitrate which is a major air quality concern in China and South Korea. GEOS-Chem model simulation of surface and aircraft observations from the KORUS-AQ campaign over the SMA in May-June 2016 shows that consideration of anthropogenic coarse PM largely resolves the previous model overestimate of PM1 nitrate. Anthropogenic coarse PM in the model increases the sensitivity of PM2.5 nitrate to ammonia (NH3) emission in winter. In summer, anthropogenic coarse PM directly affects PM2.5 nitrate by HNO3 uptake, and we find that the decrease of anthropogenic coarse PM over 2015-2019 offset the PM2.5 nitrate reductions expected from decreasing NOx and NH3 emissions. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nitrates

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A decentralized social networking architecture enhanced by blockchain

A decentralized social networking architecture enhanced by b...

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2019 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, SOLI 2019

作者： Zeng, Shuai Yuan, Yong Wang, Fei-Yue State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao China Research Center of Military Computational Experiments and Parallel System National University of Defense Technology Changsha China Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728128535

The privacy issues become a major problem that should be resolved for the existing centralized online social networks, which have prompted researchers to consider the decentralization framework for online social networks. In this paper, we propose a novel decentralized social networking architecture enhanced by blockchain technology. We use a sharding framework to increase the system scalability, a blockchain system to ensure the data integrity and consistency, a reputation-based authority control method to improve the system security. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Blockchain

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Emissions reduction potential and feasibility of vehicle-to-grid for Beijing’s future electric vehicles

Cell Reports Physical Science

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Cell Reports Physical Science 2025年

作者： Jiaxin Xu Jiahui Chen Hongyi Wei Yinan Zhao Bowen Tian Yifan Wen Haiyang Jiang Ning Zhang Shaojun Zhang Ye Wu School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Center for Sustainable Systems School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA School of Electrical and Power Engineering Power System Research Institute Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084 China Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Electric vehicles (EVs) offer significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from road transport. However, nighttime charging increases peak demand and thermal power reliance. This study evaluates vehicle-to-grid (V2G) as a solution by integrating GPS-based EV travel data with hourly grid modeling for 2 million EVs in Beijing. Results show V2G boosts renewable energy use in charging to 66%, up from under 4% in uncoordinated charging. V2G cuts vehicle uncoordinated charging emissions by 20.6% and reduces the grid’s GHG footprint by replacing thermal power with discharging electricity. Commuter vehicles and the summer months offer the highest V2G emissions reduction potential. The study finds battery degradation manageable and highlights synergies between V2G, renewable capacity expansion, and economic incentives, while emphasizing the need for robust infrastructure and local grid networks to support large-scale EV adoption. This approach therefore offers a promising pathway to accelerate sustainable energy solutions amid increasing vehicle electrification and renewable integration.

关键词： electric vehicles vehicle to grid V2G GHG emissions travel pattern grid optimization

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Influence of initial oxidation and secondary oxidation on spontaneous combustion of lignite

引用

International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 2019年第1期14卷 60-77页

作者： Huang, Zhi-An Zhang, Ling-Hua Wang, Jing-Jing Yang, Rui Zhang, Ying-Hua Wang, Hui Chen, Yu-Yan Gao, Yu-Kun State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining Safety of Metal Mines University of Science and Technology Beijing Ministry of Education Beijing100083 China Work Safety Key Lab on Prevention and Control of Gas and Roof Disasters for Southern Coal Mines Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan411201 China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control Henan Polytechnic University Jiaozuo454000 China Beijing Research Center of Urban System Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory of Operation Safety of Gas Heating and Underground Pipelines Beijing100035 China

In order to prevent the re-ignition of residual coal, this study presents a study of initial oxidation and secondary oxidation on the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal. Three physical experiment methods:pore volume analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cross point temperature method, were used to study the spontaneous combustion of lignite. The results show that the pore volume of coal increases with the increase of oxidation temperature. With the increase of temperature, different functional groups in the coal sample show different trends. Compared with initial oxidation, the tendency of the functional group changes again during the secondary oxidation. In the case of constant initial temperature of secondary oxidation, the crossing point temperature of coal samples show a decreasing trend at first and rising later. And in the case of constant initial temperature of initial oxidation, the crossing point temperature of coal samples show a trend of rising. © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Spontaneous combustion

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Extreme temperatures amplify air pollution risks to childhood respiratory health in school environment in Jiangsu province, China

Communications Earth & Environment

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Communications Earth & Environment 2025年第1期6卷 1-11页

作者： Yangyang Wu Biran Cheng Chen Li Lei Huang Jie Yang Hong Sun Jing Wei Yiyi Wang Peng Wang State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling School of the Environment Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Qixia Nanjing 210023 China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China Basic Science Center for Energy and Climate Change Beijing 100081 China Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jiangsu Road 172 Nanjing 210009 China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD USA School of Energy and Environment Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 China Jiangsu University Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics 301 Xuefu Road Jingkou District Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212013 China

Childhood respiratory diseases remain a major global health concern, with school-centered exposures to air pollution and extreme temperatures posing significant risks. We conducted a spatiotemporal stratified multi-city, school-based design to evaluate underexplored risk patterns of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 µm, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride, black carbon, and temperature exposures including daily mean, extremes, and short-term variability. The analysis included 265,076 pneumonia and/or tracheitis cases among schoolchildren in Jiangsu Province, China. We observed significant urban–rural disparities and spatial clustering in air pollution and temperature variation. Cumulative exposure to all pollutants was positively associated with increased risk of illness-related absences, with stronger effects observed in urban schools and during low-temperature conditions overall. Boys showed higher initial sensitivity to air pollution, while girls exhibited greater vulnerability after 10–14 days. Notably, urban children were most affected by combined exposures to low temperature-high pollution, whereas rural children experienced greater combined risks under high-temperature conditions. In contrast, short-term temperature variability contributed minimally to the observed health effects. These findings support the development of early warning systems for composite exposures, informed by exposure–risk profiles, to enable timely school intervention and protect schoolchildren’s respiratory health.

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SLV: Spatial Likelihood Voting for Weakly Supervised Object Detection

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Chen, Ze Fu, Zhihang Jiang, Rongxin Chen, Yaowu Hua, Xian-sheng Zhejiang University Institute of Advanced Digital Technology and Instrument Zhejiang University Embedded System Engineering Research Center Ministry of Education of China Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Network Multimedia Technologies Alibaba DAMO Academy Alibaba Group

Based on the framework of multiple instance learning (MIL), tremendous works have promoted the advances of weakly supervised object detection (WSOD). However, most MIL-based methods tend to localize instances to their discriminative parts instead of the whole content. In this paper, we propose a spatial likelihood voting (SLV) module to converge the proposal localizing process without any bounding box annotations. Specifically, all region proposals in a given image play the role of voters every iteration during training, voting for the likelihood of each category in spatial dimensions. After dilating alignment on the area with large likelihood values, the voting results are regularized as bounding boxes, being used for the final classification and localization. Based on SLV, we further propose an end-to-end training framework for multi-task learning. The classification and localization tasks promote each other, which further improves the detection performance. Extensive experiments on the PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets demonstrate the superior performance of SLV. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Object recognition

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Seasonal association between viral causes of hospitalised acute lower respiratory infections and meteorological factors in China: a retrospective study

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2021年第3期5卷 e154-e163页

作者： Xu, Bing Wang, Jinfeng Li, Zhongjie Xu, Chengdong Liao, Yilan Hu, Maogui Yang, Jing Lai, Shengjie Wang, Liping Yang, Weizhong The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China School of Population Medicine & Public Health Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College Beijing China Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research Beijing China Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture Beijing China WorldPop School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom

Background: Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) caused by respiratory viruses are common and persistent infectious diseases worldwide and in China, which have pronounced seasonal patterns. Meteorological factors have important roles in the seasonality of some major viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. Our aim was to identify the dominant meteorological factors and to model their effects on common respiratory viruses in different regions of China. Methods: We analysed monthly virus data on patients hospitalised with ALRI from 81 sentinel hospitals in 22 provinces in mainland China from Jan 1, 2009, to Sept 30, 2013. We considered seven common respiratory viruses: RSV, influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, and human coronavirus. Meteorological data of the same period were used to analyse relationships between virus seasonality and seven meteorological factors according to region (southern vs northern China). The geographical detector method was used to quantify the explanatory power of each meteorological factor, individually and interacting in pairs, on the respiratory viruses. Findings: 28 369 hospitalised patients with ALRI were tested, 10 387 (36·6%) of whom were positive for at least one virus, including RSV (4091 [32·0%] patients), influenza virus (2665 [20·8%]), human parainfluenza virus (2185 [17·1%]), adenovirus (1478 [11·6%]), human bocavirus (1120 [8·8%]), human coronavirus (637 [5·0%]), and human metapneumovirus (615 [4·8%]). RSV and influenza virus had annual peaks in the north and biannual peaks in the south. Human parainfluenza virus and human bocavirus had higher positive rates in the spring–summer months. Human metapneumovirus had an annual peak in winter–spring, especially in the north. Adenovirus and human coronavirus exhibited no clear annual seasonality. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, vapour pressure, and rainfall had most explanatory power o

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Coalition game based user association for mmWave mobile relay systems in rail traffic scenarios

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Chen, Chen Niu, Yong Mao, Shiwen Zhang, Xiaodan Han, Zhu Ai, Bo Gao, Meilin Xiao, Huahua Wang, Ning The State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China The Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China The National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast University Nanjing211189 China The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL36849-5201 United States The School of Management Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology Shenzhen518172 China The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Houston HoustonTX77004 United States The Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kyung Hee University Seoul446-701 Korea Republic of The Beijing Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Broadband Mobile Communications Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China The Tsinghua Space Center Tsinghua University Beijing100091 China The ZTE Corporation State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network Mobile Multimedia Technology Shenzhen518057 China The School of Information Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou450001 China

Rail transportation, especially, high-speed rails (HSR), is an important infrastructure for the development of national economy and the promotion of passenger experience. Due to the large bandwidth, millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is regarded as a promising technology to meet the demand of high data rates. However, since mmWave communication has the characteristic of high attenuation, mobile relay (MR) is considered in this paper. Also, full-duplex (FD) communications have been proposed to improve the spectral efficiency. However, because of the high speed, as well as the problem of penetration loss, passengers on the train have a poor quality of service. Consequently, an effective user association scheme for HSR in mmWave band is necessary. In this paper, we investigate the user association optimization problem in mmWave mobile relay systems where the MRs operate in the FD mode. To maximize the system capacity, we propose a cooperative user association approach based on coalition formation game, and develop a coalition formation algorithm to solve the challenging NP-hard problem. We also prove the convergence and Nash-stable property of the proposed algorithm. Extensive simulations are done to show the system performance of the proposed scheme under various network settings. It is demonstrated that the proposed distributed low complexity scheme achieves a near-optimal performance and outperforms two baseline schemes in terms of average system throughput. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Game theory

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