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Block-gram:Mining knowledgeable features for efficiently smart contract vulnerability detection

Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第1期11卷 1-12页

作者： Xueshuo Xie Haolong Wang Zhaolong Jian Yaozheng Fang Zichun Wang Tao Li Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology TianjinChina College of Computer Science Nankai UniversityTianjinChina Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province China State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChina

Smart contracts are widely used on the blockchain to implement complex transactions,such as decentralized applications on *** vulnerability detection of large-scale smart contracts is critical,as attacks on smart contracts often cause huge economic *** it is difficult to repair and update smart contracts,it is necessary to find the vulnerabilities before they are ***,code analysis,which requires traversal paths,and learning methods,which require many features to be trained,are too time-consuming to detect large-scale on-chain ***-based methods will obtain detection models from a feature space compared to code analysis methods such as symbol *** the existing features lack the interpretability of the detection results and training model,even worse,the large-scale feature space also affects the efficiency of *** paper focuses on improving the detection efficiency by reducing the dimension of the features,combined with expert *** this paper,a feature extraction model Block-gram is proposed to form low-dimensional knowledge-based features from ***,the metadata is separated and the runtime code is converted into a sequence of opcodes,which are divided into segments based on some instructions(jumps,etc.).Then,scalable Block-gram features,including 4-dimensional block features and 8-dimensional attribute features,are mined for the learning-based model ***,feature contributions are calculated from SHAP values to measure the relationship between our features and the results of the detection *** addition,six types of vulnerability labels are made on a dataset containing 33,885 contracts,and these knowledge-based features are evaluated using seven state-of-the-art learning algorithms,which show that the average detection latency speeds up 25×to 650×,compared with the features extracted by N-gram,and also can enhance the interpretability of the detection model.

关键词： Smart contract Bytecode&opcode Knowledgeable features Vulnerability detection Feature contribution

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BTBench: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Binary Translation Performance Evaluation

BTBench: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Binary Translation Pe...

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2024 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software, ISPASS 2024

作者： Li, Xinyu Lan, Yanzhi Niu, Gen Xue, Feng Zhang, Fuxin Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350376388

Binary translation serves as a fundamental technol-ogy for instruction set emulation, system virtualization, runtime instrumentation, and numerous other applications. Many techniques have been proposed to enhance the efficiency of binary translation systems. However, imprecise performance evaluation leads to potential performance shortcomings of binary translators in real-world applications. Previous studies primarily employ CPU benchmarks, which may overlook performance issues spe-cific to binary translators and fail to guide for optimizing binary translation. To address this issue, we propose a new benchmark suite named BTBench(Binary Translation Benchmark), which provides a convenient, portable, and comprehensive solution. BT-Bench takes into account the inherent attributes of binary trans-lators, such as translation and code-cache lookup overhead. We carefully select benchmarks that offer comprehensive coverage and align with real-world application scenarios. To validate the effectiveness of BTBench, we conducted rigorous experimentation on four widely-used binary translators. The analysis of the results reveals that, compared to existing CPU benchmarks, BTBench is better suited for identifying potential performance shortcomings, providing invaluable insights for future optimization efforts. The BTBench benchmark suite is publicly available 1 • © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Improving DNN Accuracy on MLC PIM via Black-box Fine-tuning

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IEEE Transactions on computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2024年第6期44卷 2277-2286页

作者： Lv, Hao Zhang, Lei Wang, Ying Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100089 China The State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100089 China

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) emerges as a promising technology for developing energy-efficient deep neural network (DNN) accelerators, owing to its analog computing paradigm for matrix-vector multiplication. However, the inherent non-ideal device features of RRAM cells, such as device variation, read disturbances, and limited on/off ratio, present challenges for model deployment. Therefore, to ensure accurate storage and computing precision for RRAM-based accelerators, a widely used practice is encoding a DNN weight by multiple cells, resulting in significant memory overhead and underutilization. This challenge is further exacerbated by the rapid increases in model size witnessed in recent years. While the one-to-one weight-cell mapping strategy can improve memory utilization, it inevitably introduces deviations in the mapped DNN weight from the desired value due to RRAM variation issues, leading to model accuracy degradation. In response to this challenge, we abstract the model optimization on RRAM chips as a black-box optimization problem, aimed at optimizing model accuracy without the requirement of precise weight programming. We systematically analyze the model optimization behavior on multi-level RRAM devices by investigating the accuracy recovery process of various fine-tuning strategies in recovering model performance under the black-box setting. Based on the analysis, we propose a black-box finetune scheme to recover the model performance for multilevel RRAM under the black-box setting. Our proposed scheme leverages knowledge distillation and exploits input/output information of the model on RRAM to guide the fine-tuning process, finally restoring its accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our black-box fine-tuning scheme, achieving nearly complete recovery of model performance. Our approach yields over a 3% improvement in model accuracy compared to variation-aware training approaches. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Energy efficiency

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TSCMR:Two-Stage Cross-Modal Retrieval 9th

TSCMR:Two-Stage Cross-Modal Retrieval

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19th International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications, ADMA 2023

作者： Chen, Zhihao Wang, Hongya School of Computer Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai China State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology CAS Beijing China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Evaluating and Testing Shanghai China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031466731

Currently, large-scale vision and language models has significantly improved the performances of cross-modal retrieval tasks. However, large-scale models require a substantial amount of computing resources, so the execution of these models on devices with limited resources is challenging. Thus, it is paramount to reduce the model size and minimize computing costs of a model without sacrificing its performance. In this paper, we improved TERAN by dividing cross-modal retrieval into two stages: image-text coarse-grained matching and image-text fine-grained matching. Specifically, we present a novel approach called Two-Stage Cross-Modal Retrieval network(TSCMR). To reduce model size after model training, our approach utilized a new knowledge distillation method for Transformer-based models. Experiments have shown that our approach maintains a performance comparable to TERAN on the MS-COCO 1K test set, while being 2x smaller and 3.1x faster on inference. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.

关键词： Distillation

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FlexPDA:A Flexible Programming Framework for Deep Learning Accelerators

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Journal of computer Science & Technology 2022年第5期37卷 1200-1220页

作者： Lei Liu Xiu Ma Hua-xiao Liu Guang-li Li Lei Liu College of Computer Science and Technology Jilin UniversityChangchunChina Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education Jilin UniversityChangchunChina State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

There are a wide variety of intelligence accelerators with promising performance and energy efficiency,deployed in a broad range of applications such as computer vision and speech ***,programming productivity hinders the deployment of deep learning *** low-level library invoked in the high-level deep learning framework which supports the end-to-end execution with a given model,is designed to reduce the programming burden on the intelligence ***,it is inflexible for developers to build a network model for every deep learning application,which probably brings unnecessary repetitive *** this paper,a flexible and efficient programming framework for deep learning accelerators,FlexPDA,is proposed,which provides more optimization opportunities than the low-level library and realizes quick transplantation of applications to intelligence accelerators for fast *** evaluate FlexPDA by using 10 representative operators selected from deep learning algorithms and an end-to-end *** experimental results validate the effectiveness of FlexPDA,which achieves an end-to-end performance improvement of 1.620x over the low-level library.

关键词： deep learning accelerator programming framework domain-specific language

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Construction of Traditional Culture Ontology Based on Representation and Role 23

Construction of Traditional Culture Ontology Based on Repres...

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2023 4th International Conference on Control, Robotics and Intelligent System, CCRIS 2023

作者： Li, Min Xu, Jianliang Wu, Xiaoquan Ocean University of China Qingdao China State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400708190

Traditional culture refers to a culture that has evolved from civilization and can reflect the characteristics and spirit of a nation. However, at present, the traditional cultural ontology only focuses on modeling and data organization of a certain type of traditional culture, which is a certain distance from the massive cultural information and urgent cultural needs. This article starts from the perspective of protecting and inheriting traditional culture, and based on representation, incorporates role theory to construct a cultural ontology centered on poetry, calligraphy, and painting. The traditional cultural ontology constructed in this article can further contribute to the field of artificial intelligence. © 2023 ACM.

关键词： Ontology

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An Intelligent Optimization Method of Reinforcing Bar Cutting for Construction Site

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computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2023年第1期134卷 637-655页

作者： Zhaoxi Ma Qin Zhao Tianyou Cang Zongjian Li Yiyun Zhu Xinhong Hei Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Xi’an University of TechnologyXi’an710048China State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Engineering Informatization(FSDI) Xi’an710043China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Xi’an University of TechnologyXi’an710048China

To meet the requirements of specifications,intelligent optimization of steel bar blanking can improve resource utilization and promote the intelligent development of sustainable *** one of the most important building materials in construction engineering,reinforcing bars(rebar)account for more than 30%of the cost in civil engineering.A significant amount of cutting waste is generated during the construction *** cutting waste increases construction costs and generates a considerable amount of CO_(2)*** study aimed to develop an optimization algorithm for steel bar blanking that can be used in the intelligent optimization of steel bar engineering to realize sustainable *** the proposed algorithm,the integer linear programming algorithm was applied to solve the *** was combined with the statistical method,a greedy strategy was introduced,and a method for determining the dynamic critical threshold was developed to ensure the accuracy of large-scale data *** proposed algorithm was verified through a case study;the results confirmed that the rebar loss rate of the proposed method was reduced by 9.124%compared with that of traditional distributed processing of steel bars,reducing CO_(2)emissions and saving construction *** the scale of a project increases,the calculation quality of the optimization algorithmfor steel bar blanking proposed also increases,while maintaining high calculation *** the results of this study are applied in practice,they can be used as a sustainable foundation for building informatization and intelligent development.

关键词： Building construction rebar work cutting stock problem optimization algorithm integer linear programming

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Path Optimization Method Under UAV Charging Scheduling Network 24th

Path Optimization Method Under UAV Charging Scheduling Netwo...

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24th International Conference on Algorithms and architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2024

作者： Yang, Tingting Wang, Yiqian Zhu, Jie Chang, Shuyu Huang, Haiping Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing210003 China State Key Laboratory Chinese of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Academy of Sciences Beijing100864 China Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks Nanjing210003 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819615278

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as integral components in logistics systems, where their potential for efficient delivery services is being explored. However, the limited battery capacity of UAVs poses a significant challenge for long-distance delivery applications. In this paper, we investigate a hybrid problem involving UAV trajectory planning and charging scheduling for long-distance logistics systems with a charging network. In the problem under study, multiple UAVs are assigned long-distance delivery tasks. A UAV can stop at any charging station in the charging network to charge if it is in a low-energy state. An Ant Colony Optimization-based UAV Trajectory Planning and Charging Scheduling (ACO-TPCS) algorithm is proposed to minimize task completion time by optimizing UAV trajectory and charging plans. The main framework of the ACO-TPCS algorithm consists of several key components, including reachable graph construction, candidate flight path generation, pheromone matrix construction, ant generation, feasible solution generation, and pheromone update method. All these components are delicately designed. Through extensive experimentation and comparison with baseline algorithms, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the ACO-TPCS algorithm in addressing the problem under study. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Ant colony optimization

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ThickV-Stain: Unprocessed Thick Tissues Virtual Staining for Rapid Intraoperative Histology 7

ThickV-Stain: Unprocessed Thick Tissues Virtual Staining for...

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7th International Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning, MIDL 2024

作者： Shi, Lulin Hou, Xingzhong Wong, Ivy H.M. Chan, Simon C.K. Chen, Zhenghui Lo, Claudia T.K. Wong, Terence T.W. Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Virtual staining has shown great promise in realizing a rapid and low-cost clinical alternative for pathological examinations, eliminating the need for chemical reagents and laborious staining procedures. However, most of the previous studies mainly focus on thin slice samples, which still require tissue sectioning and are unsuitable for intraoperative use. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale model to virtually stain label-free and slide-free biological tissues, allowing hematoxylin- and eosin- (H&E) staining generation in less than a minute for an image with 100 million pixels. We name this ThickV-Stain model, specifically developed to virtually stain intricated and unprocessed thick tissues. We harness the ability of a multi-scale network to encourage the model to capture multiple-level micromorphological characteristics from low-resolution images. Experimental results highlight the advantages of our method for virtual staining on unprocessed thick samples. We also show the effectiveness of ThickV-Stain on thin sections, showing generalizability to other clinical workflows. The proposed method enables us to obtain virtually stained images from unstained samples within minutes and can be seamlessly integrated with downstream pathological analysis tasks, providing an efficient alternative scheme for intraoperative assessment as well as general pathological examination. © 2024 CC-BY 4.0, L. Shi, X. Hou, I.H.M. Wong, S.C.K. Chan, Z. Chen, C.T.K. Lo & T.T.W. Wong.

关键词： Tissue

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Block-gram: Mining Knowledgeable Features for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection 7th

Block-gram: Mining Knowledgeable Features for Smart Contrac...

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7th International Conference on Smart Computing and Communication, SmartCom 2022

作者： Li, Tao Wang, Haolong Fang, Yaozheng Jian, Zhaolong Wang, Zichun Xie, Xueshuo Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology Tianjin China College of Computer Science Nankai University Tianjin China Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou China State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031281235

Effective vulnerability detection of large-scale smart contracts is critical because smart contract attacks frequently bring about tremendous economic loss. However, code analysis requiring traversal paths and learning methods requiring many features training is too time-consuming to detect large-scale on-chain contracts. This paper focuses on improving detection efficiency by reducing the dimension of the features, combined with expert knowledge. We propose a feature extraction method Block-gram to form low-dimensional knowledgeable features from the bytecode. We first separate the metadata and convert the runtime code to opcode sequence, dividing the opcode sequence into segments according to some instructions (jump, etc.). Then, we mine extensible Block-gram features for learning-based model training, consisting of 4-dimensional block features and 8-dimensional attribute features. We evaluate these knowledge-based features using seven state-of-the-art learning algorithms to show that the average detection latency speeds up 25 to 650 times, compared with the features extracted by N-gram. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Smart contract

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