The amygdala, a key limbic structure, is critical to emotional, social, and appetitive behaviors that develop throughout adolescence. Composed of a heterogeneous group of nuclei, questions remain about potential diffe...
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The amygdala, a key limbic structure, is critical to emotional, social, and appetitive behaviors that develop throughout adolescence. Composed of a heterogeneous group of nuclei, questions remain about potential differences in the maturation of its subregions during development. In 3953 9- and 10-year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study, the CIT168 Atlas was used to segment nine amygdala subregions. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of age, sex, pubertal stage, and body mass index z-score (BMIz) on subregion volumes and their relative apportionment within the amygdala. Distinct associations were observed between age, sex, and BMIz with whole amygdala volume, subregion volumes, and subregion apportionment. Pubertal stage was not related to amygdala subregion volumes. Age was associated with near-global expansion of amygdala subregions during this developmental period. Female sex was linked to smaller volumes in most amygdala subregions, with larger relative apportionment in the dorsal subregions and smaller apportionment in the basolateral ventral paralaminar subregion. Higher BMIz was associated with smaller volumes in large basolateral subregions, with increased relative apportionment in smaller subregions. These findings provide a foundational context for understanding how developmental variables influence amygdala structure, with implications for understanding future risk for brain disorders.
Background: Despite the growing epidemic of paediatric obesity, questions remain regarding potential neural mechanisms for individual risk. Delay discounting is a cognitive process of comparison of valuation between i...
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Background: Despite the growing epidemic of paediatric obesity, questions remain regarding potential neural mechanisms for individual risk. Delay discounting is a cognitive process of comparison of valuation between immediate and delayed reward, which has been inconsistently linked to weight status. Moreover, central to the brain's reward system is the nucleus accumbens, a region structurally and functionally altered in obesity. Objectives/Methods: This study aimed to examine the relationships between two continuous metrics of weight status, performance on a monetary delay-discounting task and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity in 10-12-year-olds from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Results: Using multilevel longitudinal linear modelling, we found greater discounting was associated with higher BMI Z-scores (BMIz) and waist-to-height ratio Z-scores (WHtRz) (N = 3819). Moreover, we observed functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens to the cingulo-opercular, dorsal attention, fronto-parietal, salience and ventral attention networks were predictive of BMIz (N = 1817). Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity was not found to mediate the association between delay- discounting behaviour and BMIz. Conclusions: Delay discounting and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity are independently related to weight status in a large sample of early adolescents. A better understanding of the relationship between reward and overeating behaviours may better inform obesity interventions.
[...]many students transitioned into clerkships without a chance to practice and re-hone their clinical skills.[...]there is a need for comprehensive data to assess the impact of the pandemic across the spectrum of md...
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[...]many students transitioned into clerkships without a chance to practice and re-hone their clinical skills.
[...]there is a need for comprehensive data to assess the impact of the pandemic across the spectrum of md/DO-phd training experiences.
Kato TA, Sartorius N, Shinfuku N. Forced social isolation due to COVID-19 and consequent mental health problems: lessons from hikikomori.
BACKGROUND:Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is the most prevalent complication of preterm birth and indicates an increased likelihood of long-term pulmonary complications. The accurate diagnosis of this condi...
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BACKGROUND:Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is the most prevalent complication of preterm birth and indicates an increased likelihood of long-term pulmonary complications. The accurate diagnosis of this condition is critical for long-term health management. Numerous definitions define CLD with different clinical parameters and radiology findings, making diagnosis of the disease ambiguous and potentially inaccurate.
METHODS:95 patients were identified for this study, as determined by the diagnosis or confirmation of CLD in the impression of the radiologist's report on chest x-ray. Pulmonary function and complications were recorded at multiple benchmark timeframes within each patient's first few months of life and used for determining eligibility under each definition.
RESULTS:Each clinical definition of CLD had a high sensitivity for patients identified to have CLD by radiologists, correctly fitting over 90% of patients. Most patients included required invasive mechanical ventilation or positive pressure ventilation at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, indicating patients with radiographically confirmed CLD tended to have more severe disease. Radiologists tended to diagnose CLD before 36 weeks postmenstrual age, a timepoint used by multiple standard clinical definitions, with cases called earlier fitting under a larger percentage of definitions than those called later.
CONCLUSIONS:Radiologists tend to diagnose CLD in young patients with severe respiratory compromise, and can accurately diagnose the condition before developmental milestones for clinical definitions are met.
Background Outdoor air pollution exposure is associated with structural and functional brain differences, and an increased risk for psychopathology. Although the neural mechanisms remain unclear, air pollutants may im...
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Background Outdoor air pollution exposure is associated with structural and functional brain differences, and an increased risk for psychopathology. Although the neural mechanisms remain unclear, air pollutants may impact mental health by altering brain regions implicated in psychopathology, such as the amygdala. Here, we examine the association between ambient air pollution exposure and amygdala subregion volumes in 9–10-year-olds. Methods Cross-sectional data from 4,473 (55.4% male) Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development SM (ABCD) Study® participants were leveraged. Air pollution exposure was estimated based on each participant’s primary residential address. Using the CIT168 atlas, we quantified total amygdala and 9 subregion volumes from T1- and T2-weighted images. We investigated associations between criteria pollutants (i.e., fine particulate matter [PM 2.5 ], nitrogen dioxide, and ground-level ozone), 15 PM 2.5 components, and amygdala subregion volumes and relative volume fractions using both single-pollutant linear mixed-effects regression and partial least squares correlation (PLSC) co-exposure modeling approaches. Results No significant associations were detected using single-pollutant models. Rather, in examining mixtures of exposures with PLSC, one latent dimension (52% variance explained) captured a positive association between calcium and several basolateral subregions. Latent dimensions were also identified for amygdala relative volume fractions (ranging from 30% to 82% variance explained), with PM 2.5 and component co-exposure associated with increases in lateral, but decreases in medial and central, relative volume fractions. Conclusions Fine particulate matter and its components are associated with distinct amygdala differences, potentially playing a role in risk for adolescent mental health problems.
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