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Two-step electronic response to magnetic ordering in a van der Waals ferromagnet

Physical Review B 2024年第4期109卷 045416-045416页

作者： Han Wu Jian-Xin Zhu Lebing Chen Matthew W. Butcher Ziqin Yue Dongsheng Yuan Yu He Ji Seop Oh Bin Gao Jianwei Huang Shan Wu Cheng Gong Yucheng Guo Sung-Kwan Mo Jonathan Denlinger Donghui Lu Makoto Hashimoto Matthew B. Stone Alexander I. Kolesnikov Songxue Chi Junichiro Kono Andriy H. Nevidomskyy Robert J. Birgeneau Pengcheng Dai Ming Yi Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA Department of Physics University of California at Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan Department of Applied Physics Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Quantum Technology Center University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA Neutron Scattering Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Department of Material Science and Nanoengineering Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA

The two-dimensional material Cr2Ge2Te6 is a member of the class of insulating van der Waals (vdW) magnets. Here, using high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in a detailed temperature dependence study, we identify a clear response of the electronic structure to a dimensional crossover in the form of two distinct temperature scales marking onsets of modifications in the electronic structure. Specifically, we observe Te p-orbital-dominated bands to undergo changes at the Curie transition temperature TC while the Cr d-orbital-dominated bands begin evolving at a higher temperature scale. Combined with neutron scattering, density functional theory calculations, and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the electronic system can be consistently understood to respond sequentially to the distinct temperatures at which in-plane and out-of-plane spin correlations exceed a characteristic length scale. Our findings reveal the sensitivity of the orbital-selective electronic structure for probing the dynamical evolution of local moment correlations in vdW insulating magnets.

关键词： Electronic structure Magnetic order Magnetic phase transitions Van der Waals systems Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

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Artificial intelligence for modelling infectious disease epidemics

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Nature 2025年第8051期638卷 623-635页

作者： Kraemer, Moritz U. G. Tsui, Joseph L.-H. Chang, Serina Y. Lytras, Spyros Khurana, Mark P. Vanderslott, Samantha Bajaj, Sumali Scheidwasser, Neil Curran-Sebastian, Jacob Liam Semenova, Elizaveta Zhang, Mengyan Unwin, H. Juliette T. Watson, Oliver J. Mills, Cathal Dasgupta, Abhishek Ferretti, Luca Scarpino, Samuel V. Koua, Etien Morgan, Oliver Tegally, Houriiyah Paquet, Ulrich Moutsianas, Loukas Fraser, Christophe Ferguson, Neil M. Topol, Eric J. Duchêne, David A. Stadler, Tanja Kingori, Patricia Parker, Michael J. Dominici, Francesca Shadbolt, Nigel Suchard, Marc A. Ratmann, Oliver Flaxman, Seth Holmes, Edward C. Gomez-Rodriguez, Manuel Schölkopf, Bernhard Donnelly, Christl A. Pybus, Oliver G. Cauchemez, Simon Bhatt, Samir Pandemic Sciences Institute University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Biology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA United States UCSF UC Berkeley Joint Program in Computational Precision Health Berkeley CA United States Division of Systems Virology Department of Microbiology and Immunology The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Section of Epidemiology Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Oxford Vaccine Group University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Oxford United Kingdom Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom School of Mathematics University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Statistics University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Doctoral Training Centre University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Institute for Experiential AI Northeastern University MA Boston Thailand Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM United States World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Health Emergencies Programme World Health Organization Berlin Germany Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI) School for Data Science and Computational Thinking Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) South Africa Muizenberg Cape Town South Africa Genomics England London United Kingdom Scripps Research La Jolla CA United States Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zürich Basel Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland The Ethox Centre Nuffield

Infectious disease threats to individual and public health are numerous, varied and frequently unexpected. Artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies, which are already supporting human decision making in economics, medicine and social science, have the potential to transform the scope and power of infectious disease epidemiology. Here we consider the application to infectious disease modelling of AI systems that combine machine learning, computational statistics, information retrieval and data science. We first outline how recent advances in AI can accelerate breakthroughs in answering key epidemiological questions and we discuss specific AI methods that can be applied to routinely collected infectious disease surveillance data. Second, we elaborate on the social context of AI for infectious disease epidemiology, including issues such as explainability, safety, accountability and ethics. Finally, we summarize some limitations of AI applications in this field and provide recommendations for how infectious disease epidemiology can harness most effectively current and future developments in AI. © Springer Nature Limited 2025.

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Machine Learning for Improved Current Density Reconstruction from 2D Vector Magnetic Images

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Reed, Niko R. Bhutto, Danyal Turner, Matthew J. Daly, Declan M. Oliver, Sean M. Tang, Jiashen Olsson, Kevin S. Langellier, Nicholas Ku, Mark J.H. Rosen, Matthew S. Walsworth, Ronald L. Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Quantum Technology Center University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Joint Quantum Institute University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University BostonMA United States A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital CharlestownMA United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD United States The MITRE Corporation McLeanVA22102 United States Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Physics Harvard University CambridgeMA United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Delaware NewarkDE19716 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Delaware NewarkDE19716 United States Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck St. BostonMA United States

The reconstruction of electrical current densities from magnetic field measurements is an important technique with applications in materials science, circuit design, quality control, plasma physics, and biology. Analytic reconstruction methods exist for planar currents, but break down in the presence of high spatial frequency noise or large standoff distance, restricting the types of systems that can be studied. Here, we demonstrate the use of a deep convolutional neural network for current density reconstruction from two-dimensional (2D) images of vector magnetic fields acquired by a quantum diamond microscope (QDM). Trained network performance significantly exceeds analytic reconstruction for data with high noise or large standoff distances. This machine learning technique can perform quality inversions on lower SNR data, significantly reducing the data collection time and permitting reconstructions of weaker and three-dimensional current sources. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Magnetic fields

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Low-frequency electronic noise spectroscopy of quasi-2D van der Waals antiferromagnetic semiconductors

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Ghosh, Subhajit Kargar, Fariborz Mohammadzadeh, Amirmahdi Rumyantsev, Sergey Balandin, Alexander A. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Bourns College of Engineering University of California RiversideCA92521 United States Centera Laboratories Institute of High-Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw01-142 Poland Center Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California RiversideCA92521 United States

We investigated low-frequency current fluctuations, i.e. noise, in the quasi-two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals antiferromagnetic semiconductor FePS3 with the electronic bandgap of 1.5 eV. The electrical and noise characteristics of the p-type, highly resistive, thin films of FePS3 were measured at different temperatures. The noise spectral density was of the 1/f-type over most of the examined temperature range but revealed well-defined Lorentzian bulges, and increased strongly near the Néel temperature TN=118 K (f is the frequency). Intriguingly, the noise spectral density attained its minimum at temperature T~200 K, which was attributed to an interplay of two opposite trends in noise scaling - one for semiconductors and another for materials with the phase transitions. The Lorentzian corner frequencies revealed unusual dependence on temperature and bias voltage, suggesting that their origin is different from the generation - recombination noise in conventional semiconductors. The obtained results are important for proposed applications of antiferromagnetic semiconductors in spintronic devices. They also attest to the power of the noise spectroscopy for monitoring various phase transitions. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spectral density

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Topological Modes in a Laser Cavity through Exceptional State Transfer

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Schumer, A. Liu, Y.G.N. Leshin, J. Ding, L. Alahmadi, Y. Hassan, A.U. Nasari, H. Rotter, S. Christodoulides, D.N. LiKamWa, P. Khajavikhan, M. Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California Los AngelesCA90089 United States ViennaA-1040 Austria CREOL The College of Optics and Photonics University of Central Florida OrlandoFL32816-2700 United States Center of Excellence for Telecomm Applications Joint Centers of Excellence Program King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh11442 Saudi Arabia

Shaping the light emission characteristics of laser systems is of great importance in various areas of science and technology. In a typical lasing arrangement, the transverse spatial profile of a laser mode tends to remain self-similar throughout the entire cavity. Going beyond this paradigm, we demonstrate here how to shape a spatially evolving mode such that it faithfully settles into a pair of bi-orthogonal states at the two opposing facets of a laser cavity. This is achieved by purposely designing a structure that allows the lasing mode to encircle a non-Hermitian exceptional point while deliberately avoiding non-adiabatic jumps. The resulting state transfer reflects the unique topology of the associated Riemann surfaces associated with this singularity. Our approach provides a route to develop versatile mode selective active devices, and sheds light on the intriguing topological features of exceptional points. One-Sentence Summary: A laser cavity is designed that operates in a topological mode whose spatial evolution exploits the topology surrounding an exceptional point. © 2022, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Topology

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Association Between Long‑Term Exposure to Air Pollution and the Rate of Mortality After Hip Fracture Surgery in Patients Older Than 60 Years: Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan

引用

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2024年 10卷 e46591页

作者： Chuang, Shu-Han Kuo, Yi-Jie Huang, Shu-Wei Zhang, Han-Wei Peng, Hsiao-Ching Chen, Yu-Pin Division of General Practice Department of Medical Education Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan Department of Orthopedics Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan Department of Orthopedics School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Department of Applied Science National Taitung University Taitung County Taitung City Taiwan MetaTrial Research Center Biomedica Corporation New Taipei Taiwan Program for Aging China Medical University Taichung Taiwan Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes Miaoli Taiwan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute of Electrical Control Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan

BACKGROUND: To enhance postoperative patient survival, particularly in older adults, understanding the predictors of mortality following hip fracture becomes paramount. Air pollution, a prominent global environmental issue, has been linked to heightened morbidity and mortality across a spectrum of diseases. Nevertheless, the precise impact of air pollution on hip fracture outcomes remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aims to comprehensively investigate the profound influence of a decade-long exposure to 12 diverse air pollutants on the risk of post-hip fracture mortality among older Taiwanese patients (older than 60 years). We hypothesized that enduring long-term exposure to air pollution would significantly elevate the 1-year mortality rate following hip fracture surgery. METHODS: From Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we obtained the data of patients who underwent hip fracture surgery between July 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013. Using patients' insurance registration data, we estimated their cumulative exposure levels to sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), particulate matter having a size of <10 μm (PM10), particulate matter having a size of <2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total hydrocarbons (THC), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and methane (CH4). We quantified the dose-response relationship between these air pollutants and the risk of mortality by calculating hazard ratios associated with a 1 SD increase in exposure levels over a decade. RESULTS: Long-term exposure to SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NOX, NO, NO2, THC, NMHC, and CH4 demonstrated significant associations with heightened all-cause mortality risk within 1 year post hip fracture surgery among older adults. For older adults, each 1 SD increment in the average exposure levels of SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NOX, NO, NO2, THC, NMHC, and CH4 corresponded to a substantial escalation in mort

关键词： air pollution environmental hazard exposure hazard hip fracture morbidity mortality older adult

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Phase-induced frequency conversion and doppler effect with time-modulated metasurfaces

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Ramaccia, Davide Sounas, Dimitrios L. Alù, Andrea Toscano, Alessandro Bilotti, Filiberto Department of Engineering ROMA TRE University Via Vito Volterra 62 Rome00146 Italy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wayne State University DetroitMI48202 United States Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center Physics Program Graduate Center Department of Electrical Engineering City College City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States

Metasurfaces consisting of electrically thin and densely packed planar arrays of subwavelength elements enable an unprecedented control of the impinging electromagnetic fields. Spatially modulated metasurfaces can efficiently tailor the spatial distribution of these fields with great flexibility. Similarly, time modulated metasurfaces can be successfully used to manipulate the frequency content and time variations of the impinging field. In this paper, we present time-modulated reflective metasurfaces that cause a frequency shift to the impinging radiation, thus realizing an artificial Doppler effect in a non-moving electrically thin structure. Starting from the theoretical analysis, we analytically derive the required time modulation of the surface admittance to achieve this effect, and present a realistic time-varying structure, based on a properly designed and dynamically tuned high-impedance surface. It is analytically and numerically demonstrated that the field emerging from the metasurface is up-/down-converted in frequency according to the modulation profile of the metasurface. The proposed metasurface concept, enabling a frequency modulation of the electromagnetic field "on-the-fly", may find application in telecommunication, radar, and sensing scenarios. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Doppler effect

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Magneto-optics in a van der Waals magnet tuned by self-hybridized polaritons

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Dirnberger, Florian Quan, Jiamin Bushati, Rezlind Diederich, Geoffrey Florian, Matthias Klein, Julian Mosina, Kseniia Sofer, Zdenek Xu, Xiaodong Kamra, Akashdeep García-Vidal, Francisco J. Alù, Andrea Menon, Vinod M. Department of Physics City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Physics The Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States Photonics Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Electrical Engineering City College of the City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program University of Washington SeattleWA United States Department of Physics Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington SeattleWA United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technickaá 5 Prague 6166 28 Czech Republic Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE- 28049 Spain

Controlling quantum materials with light is of fundamental and technological importance. By utilizing the strong coupling of light and matter in optical cavities [1–3], recent studies were able to modify some of their most defining features [4–6]. In this work, we study the magneto-optical properties of a van der Waals magnet that supports strong coupling of photons and excitons even in the absence of external cavity mirrors. In this material – the layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr – emergent light-matter hybrids called polaritons are shown to significantly increase the spectral bandwidth of correlations between the magnetic, electronic, and optical properties, enabling largely tunable optical responses to applied magnetic fields and magnons. Our results highlight the importance of exciton-photon self-hybridization in van der Waals magnets and motivate novel directions for the manipulation of quantum material properties by strong light-matter coupling. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Van der Waals forces

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Caco-2 Cell-Derived Biomimetic Electrochemical Biosensor for Cholera Toxin Detection

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2022年

作者： Kim, Yonghwan Lee, Dongtak Seo, Youngjun Jung, Hyo Gi Jang, Jae Won Park, Dongsung Kim, Insu Lee, Gyudo Hwang, Kyo Seon Kim, Seung-Hyun Lee, Sang Won Lee, Jeong Hoon Yoon, Dae Sung School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul02841 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul02841 Korea Republic of Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul02447 Korea Republic of Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Korea University Sejong30019 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology Korea University Sejong30019 Korea Republic of School of Engineering Brown University ProvidenceRI02912 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California IrvineCA92697 United States Department of Electrical Engineering Kwangwoon University Seoul01897 Korea Republic of Astrion Inc Seoul02841 Korea Republic of

Cholera is a highly contagious and lethal waterborne disease induced by an infection with Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) secreting cholera toxin (CTx). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) from the CTx specifically binds with monosialo-tetra-hexosyl-ganglioside (GM1) found on the exterior cell membrane of an enterocyte. Owing to the pathological process of CTx, a biomimetic electrochemical biosensor (CCB) was developed by applying GM1-expressing Caco-2 cell membrane (CCM) on the electrode surface of the biosensor for CTx detection. Briefly, the electrode surface was functionalized with CCM using the vesicle fusion method. The specific binding between GM1 and CTxB on the electrode surface was verified using confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The CTxB detection performances of the CCB, including sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability, were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the results, the CCB had an excellent limit of detection of ~11.46 nM and a detection range spanning 100 ng/mL - 1 mg/mL. Further, the CCB had high selectivity for the CTxB compared to different interfering molecules, which are abundant constituents of intestinal fluid and fecal matter in the human body. The long-term stability of the CCBs was also verified for 3 weeks using EIS. Overall, the CCB was found to have an excellent potential for application to point-of-care and cost-effective testing for CTxB detection in developing countries. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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Optical Thouless pumping transport and nonlinear switching in a topological low-dimensional discrete nematic liquid crystal array

引用

Physical Review A 2022年第1期105卷 013513-013513页

作者： Pawel S. Jung Midya Parto Georgios G. Pyrialakos Hadiseh Nasari Katarzyna Rutkowska Marek Trippenbach Mercedeh Khajavikhan Wieslaw Krolikowski Demetrios N. Christodoulides CREOL The College of Optics and Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816 USA Faculty of Physics Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland Department of Physics & Astronomy Dornsife College of Letters Arts & Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA Laser Physics Centre Research School of Physics Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Science Program Texas A&M University at Qatar Doha Qatar

We theoretically investigate a Thouless pumping scheme in the one-dimensional topological Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model for single and multiple band-gap systems when implemented in a discrete nematic liquid crystal arrangement. For an electrically controlled SSH waveguide array, we numerically demonstrate edge-to-edge light transport at low power levels. On the other hand, at higher powers, the transport is frustrated by light-induced nonlinear defect states, giving rise to robust all-optical switching.

关键词： Optical solitons Topological insulators Liquid crystals Topological materials

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