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Judgment of natural perspective projections in head-mounted display environments 09

Judgment of natural perspective projections in head-mounted ...

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VRST 2009 - 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

作者： Steinicke, Frank Bruder, Gerd Hinrichs, Klaus Lappe, Markus Kuhl, Scott Willemsen, Pete Visualization and Computer Graphics Research Group Department of Computer Science University of Münster Germany Psychology Department II University of Münster Germany Department of Computer Science Michigan Technological University United States Department of Computer Science University of Minnesota Duluth United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781605588698

The display units integrated in todays head-mounted displays (HMDs) provide only a limited field of view (FOV) to the virtual world. In order to present an undistorted view to the virtual environment (VE), the perspective projection used to render the VE has to be adjusted to the limitations caused by the HMD characteristics. In particular, the geometric field of view (GFOV), which defines the virtual aperture angle used for rendering of the 3D scene, is set up according to the display's field of view. A discrepancy between these two fields of view distorts the geometry of the VE in a way that either minifies or magnifies the imagery displayed to the user. Discrepancies between the geometric and physical FOV causes the imagery to be minified or magnified. This distortion has the potential to negatively or positively affect a user's perception of the virtual space, sense of presence, and performance on visual search tasks. In this paper we analyze if a user is consciously aware of perspective distortions of the VE displayed in the HMD. We introduce a psychophysical calibration method to determine the HMD's actual field of view, which may vary from the nominal values specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to identify perspective projections for HMDs which are identified as natural by subjects-even if these perspectives deviate from the perspectives that are inherently defined by the display's field of view. We found that subjects evaluate a field of view as natural when it is larger than the actual field of view of the HMD-in some cases up to 50%. Copyright © 2009 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

关键词： Virtual reality

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Arch-Explore: A natural user interface for immersive architectural walkthroughs

Arch-Explore: A natural user interface for immersive archite...

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IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI)

作者： Gerd Bruder Frank Steinicke Klaus H. Hinrichs Visualization and Computer Graphics (VisCG) Research Group Department of Computer Science University of Münster Munster Germany

In this paper we propose the Arch-Explore user interface, which supports natural exploration of architectural 3D models at different scales in a real walking virtual reality (VR) environment such as head-mounted display (HMD) or CAVE setups. We discuss in detail how user movements can be transferred to the virtual world to enable walking through virtual indoor environments. To overcome the limited interaction space in small VR laboratory setups, we have implemented redirected walking techniques to support natural exploration of comparably large-scale virtual models. Furthermore, the concept of virtual portals provides a means to cover long distances intuitively within architectural models. We describe the software and hardware setup and discuss benefits of Arch-Explore.

关键词： User interfaces Legged locomotion Virtual reality computer graphics Indoor environments Laboratories Hardware Virtual environment Haptic interfaces Feedback

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Interpolating and downsampling RGBA volume data

Interpolating and downsampling RGBA volume data

引用

13th International Fall Workshop Vision, Modeling, and visualization 2008, VMV 2008

作者： Kraus, Martin Bürger, Kai Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781586039219

For about twenty years the standard color sampling method for RGBA volume data has been the interpolation of opacity-weighted colors. In this work, we discuss the underlying approximations and derive an improved sampling method, which avoids some of these approximations. With the help of several examples and experiments we demonstrate that our new technique is in fact preferable for direct volume rendering of RGBA data. Moreover, we show that the same improvement can be applied to downsampling filters. Finally, we propose a procedure to design improved downsampling filters for the generation of pyramid RGBA volume data such as mipmap volume textures.

关键词： Interpolation

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Corotated finite elements made fast and stable

Corotated finite elements made fast and stable

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5th Workshop on Virtual Reality Interactions and Physical Simulations, VRIPHYS 2008

作者： Georgii, Joachim Westermann, Rüdiger Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783905673708

Multigrid finite-element solvers using the corotational formulation of finite elements provide an attractive means for the simulation of deformable bodies exhibiting linear elastic response. The separation of rigid body motions from the total element motions using purely geometric methods or polar decomposition of the deformation gradient, however, can introduce instabilities for large element rotations and deformations. Furthermore, the integration of the corotational formulation into dynamic multigrid elasticity simulations requires to continually rebuild consistent system matrices at different resolution levels. The computational load imposed by these updates prohibits the use of large numbers of finite elements at rates comparable to the small-strain finite element formulation. To overcome the first problem, we present a new method to extract the rigid body motion from total finite element displacements based on energy minimization. This results in a very stable corotational formulation that only slightly increases the computational overhead. We address the second problem by introducing a novel algorithm for computing sparse products of the form RKRT, as they have to be evaluated to update the multigrid hierarchy. By reformulating the problem into the simultaneous processing of a sequential data and control stream, cache miss penalties are significantly reduced. Even though the algorithm increases memory requirements, it accelerates the multigrid FE simulation by a factor of up to 4 compared to previous multigrid approaches. Due to the proposed improvements, finite element deformable body simulations using the corotational formulation can be performed at rates of 17 tps for up to 12k elements. © The Eurographics Association 2008.

关键词： Deformation

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Pre-integrated volume rendering for multi-dimensional transfer functions

Pre-integrated volume rendering for multi-dimensional transf...

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Joint IEEE/EG 7th International Symposium on Volume graphics, VG 2008 and 5th Symposium on Point-Based graphics, PBG 2008

作者： Kraus, M. Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783905674125

This work presents an efficient extension of pre-integrated volume rendering for multi-dimensional transfer functions. Since even two-dimensional transfer functions can result in strong rendering artifacts that cannot be resolved by standard ray casting, we propose a space-covering volume sampling scheme that does not require additional samples of the volume data. Based on this sampling scheme, our approach computes box integrals of the transfer functions, which are evaluated with the help of a small number of texture lookups in tabulated integral functions. We demonstrate the achieved performance and improvements in image quality with a prototypical GPU (graphics processing unit) implementation. © The Eurographics Association 2008.

关键词： Transfer functions

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A User Guidance Approach for Passive Haptic Environments 14

A User Guidance Approach for Passive Haptic Environments

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14th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments, EGVE 2008

作者： Steinicke, F. Welzel, H. Bruder, G. Hinrichs, K. Visualization and Computer Graphics Research Group Institute of Computer Science Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783905673661

Traveling through virtual environments (VEs) by means of real walking is a challenging task since usually the size of the virtual world exceeds the size of the tracked interaction space. Redirected walking is one concept to solve this problem by guiding the user on a physical path which differs from the path the user visually perceives, for example, in head-mounted display (HMD) *** user can be redirected to certain locations in the physical space, in particular to real proxy objects which provide passive feedback. In such passive haptic environments, any number of virtual objects can be mapped to proxy objects having similar haptic properties, i. e., size, shape and texture. When the user is guided to corresponding proxy objects, s/he can sense virtual objects by touching their real world counterparts. Therefore it is vital to predict the user’s movements in the virtual world in order to recognize the target location. Based on the prediction a transformed path can be determined in the physical space on which the user is guided to the desired proxy object. In this paper we present concepts how a user’s path can be predicted reliably and how a corresponding path to a desired proxy object can be derived on which the user does not observe inconsistencies between vision and proprioception. © The Eurographics Association 2008.

关键词： Virtual reality

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Advanced illumination for gpu volume

Advanced illumination for gpu volume

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ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 Courses, SIGGRAPH Asia'08

作者： Salama, Christof Rezk Ropinski, Timo Hadwiger, Markus Ljung, Patric Computer Graphics Group University of Siegen Hölderlinstr. 3 57068 Siegen Germany Visualization and Computer Graphics Research Group University of Münster Einsteinstr. 62 48149 Münster Germany VRVis Research Center for Virtual Reality and Visualization Donau-City-StraBe A-1220 Vienna Austria Siemens Corporate Research Imaging and Visualization Department 755 College Road East Princeton NJ 08540 United States

Volume raycasting techniques are important for both visual arts and. They allow an efficient generation of visual effects and visualization of scientific data obtained by tomography or numerical. Thanks to their flexibility, experts agree that GPU-based is the state-of-the art technique for interactive volume *** most likely replace existing slice-based techniques in the near. Volume rendering techniques are also effective for the direct rendering implicit surfaces used for soft body animation and constructive *** starts off with an in-depth introduction to the concepts GPU-based ray-casting to provide a common base for the following. The focus of this course is on advanced illumination techniques approximate the physically-based light transport more convincingly. techniques include interactive implementation of soft hard shadows, ambient occlusion and simple Monte-Carlo based approaches global illumination including translucency and scattering. the proposed techniques, users are le to interactively create images from volumetric data whose visual quality goes far traditional approaches. The optical properties in participating are defined using the phase function. Many approximations to the based light transport applied for rendering natural phenomena as clouds or smoke assume a rather homogenous phase function. For rendering volumetric scans on the other hand different phase models are required to account for both surface-like structures fuzzy boundaries in the data. Using volume rendering techniques,who create medical visualization for science magazines may now work on tomographic scans directly, without the necessity to fall back to creating polygonal models of anatomical structures.

关键词： Volume rendering

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Analyses of human sensitivity to redirected walking 08

Analyses of human sensitivity to redirected walking

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VRST 2008 ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

作者： Steinicke, Frank Bruder, Gerd Jerald, Jason Frenz, Harald Lappe, Markus Visualization and Computer Graphics Group Department of Computer Science WWU Münster Germany Effective Virtual Environments Group Department of Computer Science UNC Chapel Hill United States Psychology Department II WWU Münster Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939517

Redirected walking allows users to walk through large-scale immersive virtual environments (IVEs) while physically remaining in a reasonably small workspace by intentionally injecting scene motion into the IVE. In a constant stimuli experiment with a twoalternative-forced-choice task we have quantified how much humans can unknowingly be redirected on virtual paths which are different from the paths they actually walk. 18 subjects have been tested in four different experiments: (E1a) discrimination between virtual and physical rotation, (E1b) discrimination between two successive rotations, (E2) discrimination between virtual and physical translation, and discrimination of walking direction (E3a) without and (E3b) with start-up. In experiment E1a subjects performed rotations to which different gains have been applied, and then had to choose whether or not the visually perceived rotation was greater than the physical rotation. In experiment E1b subjects discriminated between two successive rotations where different gains have been applied to the physical rotation. In experiment E2 subjects chose if they thought that the physical walk was longer than the visually perceived scaled travel distance. In experiment E3a subjects walked a straight path in the IVE which was physically bent to the left or to the right, and they estimate the direction of the curvature. In experiment E3a the gain was applied immediately, whereas the gain was applied after a start-up of two meters in experiment E3b. Our results show that users can be turned physically about 68% more or 10% less than the perceived virtual rotation, distances can be up-or down-scaled by 22%, and users can be redirected on an circular arc with a radius greater than 24 meters while they believe they are walking straight. Copyright 2008 ACM.

关键词： Rotation

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Importance-Driven Particle Techniques for Flow visualization

Importance-Driven Particle Techniques for Flow Visualization

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Pacific (formerly Asia-Pacific APVIS) visualization Symposium

作者： Kai Burger Polina Kondratieva Jens Kruger Rudiger Westermann Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Germany Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute University of Utah USA

Particle tracing has been established as a powerful visualization technique to show the dynamics of 3D flows. Particle tracing in 3D, however, quickly overextends the viewer due to the massive amount of visual information that is typically produced by this technique. In this paper, we present strategies to reduce this amount at the same time revealing important structures in the flow. As an importance measure, we introduce a simple, yet effective clustering approach for vector fields, and we use scalar flow quantities at different scales in combination with user-defined regions of interest. These measures are used to control the shape, the appearance, and the density of particles in such a way that the user can focus on the dynamics in important regions at the same time preserving context information. We also introduce a new focus for particle tracing, so called anchor lines. Anchor lines are used to analyze local flow features by visualizing how much particles separate over time and how long it takes until they have separated to a fixed distance. It is of particular interest if the finite time Lyapunov exponent - a scalar quantity that measures the rate of separation of infinitesimally close particles in the flow - is used to guide the placement of anchor lines. The effectiveness of our approaches for the visualization of 3D flow fields is validated using synthetic fields as well as real simulation data.

关键词： Data visualization computer graphics Particle measurements Shape measurement Time measurement Shape control Rendering (computer graphics) Scientific computing Density measurement Focusing

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Computational steering for patient-specific implant planning in orthopedics

Computational steering for patient-specific implant planning...

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1st Eurographics Workshop on Visual Computing and Biomedicine, EG VCBM 2008

作者： Dick, Christian Georgii, Joachim Burgkart, Rainer Westermann, Rüdiger Computer Graphics and Visualization Group Technische Universität München Germany Klinik u. Poliklinik für Orthopädie Sportorthopädie Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technische Universität München Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783905674132

Fast and reliable methods for predicting and monitoring in-vivo bone strength are of great importance for hip joint replacement. To avoid adaptive remodeling with cortical thinning and increased porosity of the bone due to stress shielding, in a preoperative planning process the optimal implant design, size, and position has to be determined. This process involves interactive implant positioning within the bone as well as simulation and visualization of the stress within bone and implant due to exerting forces. In this paper, we present a prototype of such a visual analysis tool, which, to our best knowledge, provides the first computational steering environment for optimal implant selection and positioning. This prototype considers patient-specific biomechanical properties of the bone to select the optimal implant design, size, and position according to the prediction of individual load transfer from the implant to the bone. We have developed a fast and stable multigrid finite-element solver for hexahedral elements, which enables interactive simulation of the stress distribution within the bone and the implant. By utilizing a real-time GPU-method to detect elements that are covered by the moving implant, we can automatically generate computational models from patient-specific CT scans in real-time, and we can instantly feed these models into the simulation process. Hardware-accelerated volume ray-casting, which is extended by a new method to accurately visualize sub-hexahedron implant boundaries, provides a new quality of orthopedic surgery planning. © The Eurographics Association 2008.

关键词： Bone

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