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arXiv 2023年

作者： Bisbas, Thomas G. Zhang, Zhi-Yu Gjergo, Eda Zhao, Ying-He Luo, Gan Quan, Donghui Jiang, Xue-Jian Sun, Yichen Topkaras, Theodoros Li, Di Guo, Ziyi Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou311100 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing China Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics Nanjing University Ministry of Education Nanjing China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650011 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique Domaine Universitaire de Grenoble 300 rue de la Piscine Saint-Martin d'Héres38406 France Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 150 Science 1-Street Urumqi830011 China I. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Straße 77 Köln50937 Germany CAS Key Laboratory of FAST National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban4000 South Africa

Astrochemistry has been widely developed as a power tool to probe physical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in various conditions of the Milky Way (MW) Galaxy, and in near and distant galaxies. Most current studies conventionally apply linear scaling to all elemental abundances based on the gas-phase metallicity. However, these elements, including carbon and oxygen, are enriched differentially by stellar nucleosynthesis and the overall galactic chemical evolution, evident from α-enhancement in multiple galactic observations such as starbursts, high-redshift star-forming galaxies, and low-metallicity dwarfs. We perform astrochemical modeling to simulate the impact of an α-enhanced ISM gas cloud on the abundances of the three phases of carbon (C+, C, CO) dubbed as 'the carbon cycle'. The ISM environmental parameters considered include two cosmic-ray ionization rates (ζCR = 10−17 and 10−15 s−1), two isotropic FUV radiation field strengths (χ/χ0 = 1 and 102), and (sub-)linear dust-to-gas relations against metallicity, mimicking the ISM conditions of different galaxy types. In galaxies with [C/O] + all decrease in both abundances and emission, though with differential biases. The low-J CO emission is found to be the most stable tracer for the molecular gas, while C and C+ trace H2 gas only under limited conditions, in line with recent discoveries of [Ci]-dark galaxies. We call for caution when using [Cii] 158μm and [Ci](1-0) as alternative H2-gas tracers for both diffuse and dense gas with non-zero [C/O] ratios. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Galaxies

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Age of FGK Dwarfs Observed with LAMOST and GALAH: Considering the Oxygen Enhancement

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Sun, Tiancheng Ge, Zhishuai Chen, Xunzhou Bi, Shaolan Li, Tanda Zhang, Xianfei Li, Yaguang Wu, Yaqian Bird, Sarah A. Ferguson, J.W. Zhou, Jianzhao Ye, Lifei Long, Liu Zhang, Jinghua Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Beijing102206 China Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Beijing Planetarium Beijing Academy of Science and Technology Beijing100044 China Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China School of Physics and Astronomy University of Birmingham BirminghamB15 2TT United Kingdom School of Physics University of Sydney NSW2006 Australia Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Rd. Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Center for Astronomy and Space Sciences China Three Gorges University Yichang443002 China Department of Physics Wichita State University WichitaKS67260-0032 United States

Varying oxygen abundance could impact the modeling-inferred ages. This work aims to estimate the ages of dwarfs considering observed oxygen abundance. To characterize 67,503 LAMOST and 4,006 GALAH FGK-type dwarf stars, we construct a grid of stellar models which take into account oxygen abundance as an independent model input. Compared with ages determined with commonly-used α-enhanced models, we find a difference of ∼9% on average when the observed oxygen abundance is considered. The age differences between the two types of models are correlated to [Fe/H] and [O/α], and they are relatively significant on stars with [Fe/H] −0.6 dex. Generally, varying 0.2 dex in [O/α] will alter the age estimates of metal-rich (−0.2 Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stars

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Photochemical origin of SiC2 in the circumstellar envelope of carbon-rich AGB stars revealed by ALMA

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Feng, Yanan Li, Xiaohu Millar, Tom J. Szczerba, Ryszard Wang, Ke Quan, Donghui Qin, Shengli Fang, Xuan Tuo, Juan Miao, Zhenzhen Ma, Rong Xu, Fengwei Sun, Jingfei Jiang, Biwei Chang, Qiang Yang, Jianchao Hou, Gao-Lei Li, Fangfang Zhang, Yong Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Chinese Academy of Sciences China Astrophysics Research Centre School of Mathematics and Physics Queen’s University Belfast United Kingdom Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center Polish Academy of Sciences Poland China Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory China Department of Astronomy Yunnan University China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences China Department of Physics Faculty of Science The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Laboratory for Space Research Faculty of Science The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University China Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University China School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology China MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi’an Jiaotong University China School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University China 150 Science 1-Street Xinjiang Urumqi830011 China

Whether SiC2 is a parent species, that is formed in the photosphere or as a by-product of high-temperature dust formation, or a daughter species, formed in a chemistry driven by the photodestruction of parent species in the outer envelope, has been debated for a long time. Here, we analyze the ALMA observations of four SiC2 transitions in the CSEs of three C-rich AGB stars (AI Vol, II Lup, and RAFGL 4211), and found that SiC2 exhibits an annular, shell-like distribution in these targets, suggesting that SiC2 can be a daughter species in the CSEs of carbon-rich AGB stars. The results can provide important references for future chemical models. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stars

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Mapping Observations of Peptide-like molecules around Sagittarius B2

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Zheng, Siqi Li, Juan Wang, Junzhi Wang, Yao Gao, Feng Quan, Donghui Du, Fujun Wu, Yajun Bergin, Edwin Li, Yuqiang Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 80 Nandan Road Shanghai200030 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210033 China School of Astronomy and Space Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Beijing100049 China Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics Department of Physics Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 10 Yuanhua Road Nanjing210023 China Hamburger Sternwarte Universität Hamburg Gojenbergsweg 112 HamburgD-21029 Germany Giessenbachstr. 1 GarchingD-85748 Germany Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 150 Science 1-Street Urumqi830011 China Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Department of Astronomy University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States

Peptide-like molecule, which has a close connection with the origin of life, has been detected in universe. Mapping observations of HCONH2 and CH3CONH2, two simplest peptide-like molecules, are performed towards Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2) complex with the IRAM 30m telescope. Seven transitions of HCONH2 and five transitions of CH3CONH2 are used in analysis. The spatial distribution of excitation temperature and column density of HCONH2 in the molecular envelope of Sgr B2 are obtained by the rotation diagrams. Assuming the same excitation temperature as HCONH2, the column densities of CH3CONH2 are also calculated. The results show that excitation temperature ranges from 6 K to 46 K in the molecular envelope of Sgr B2. The abundance ratio between HCONH2 and CH3CONH2 are calculated to explore the relationship among them, as well as HNCO mentioned in our pervious research. The abundance ratio of CH3CONH2/HCONH2 varies from 10% to 20%, while that of HCONH2/HNCO ranges from 1.5% to 10%. CH3CONH2 is enhanced with respect to HCONH2 in the northwest region of Sgr B2. One transition of H13CONH2 is detected toward 12 positions of Sgr B2, from which a 12C/13C ratio of 28.7 is obtained. A time-dependent chemical model with a short duration of X-ray burst is used to explain the observed abundances of HCONH2 and CH3CONH2, with the best fitting result at Tdust = 53-56 K. More chemical reactions are required to be included into the model since the modeled abundance is lower than the observed one at the observed Tdust © 2023, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Peptides

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Scintillation velocity and arc observations of FRB 20201124A

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2024年

作者： Wu, Ziwei Zhu, Weiwei Zhang, Bing Feng, Yi Han, JinLin Li, Di Li, Dongzi Luo, Rui Niu, Chenhui Niu, Jiarui Wang, Bojun Wang, Fayin Wang, Pei Wang, Weiyang Xu, Heng Yang, Yuanpei Zhang, Yongkun Zhou, Dejiang Zhu, Yuhao Deng, Can-Min Xu, Yonghua National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Institute for Frontier in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Beijing102206 China Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las VegasNV89154 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las VegasNV89154 United States Research Center for Astronomical Computing Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China School of Astronomy University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban4000 South Africa Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics MC 249-17 California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Materials Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou510006 China Institute of Astrophysics Central China Normal University Wuhan430079 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing210093 China Ministry of Education China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research Yunnan University Yunnan650504 China Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics Department of Physics Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650011 China

We present the scintillation velocity measurements of FRB 20201124A from the FAST observations, which reveal an annual variation. This annual variation is further supported by changes detected in the scintillation arc as observed from the secondary spectrum. We attribute the annual velocity variation to the presence of a moderately anisotropic scattering screen located at a distance of 0.4±0.1 kpc from Earth. Our results prove that the scintillation of this FRB is mainly caused by material close to Earth on a Galactic scale. However, scintillation observations of other FRBs may expose their surrounding environment or uncover possible orbital motion if scintillation is caused by materials in their host galaxy. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Scintillation

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Non-detection of Broad Hydrogen Radio Recombination Lines in Circinus Galaxy

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Wang, Junzhi Shi, Yong Zhang, Zhi-Yu Liu, Shu Gao, Yu Zhang, Jiangshui Zhu, Fengyao Fang, Min School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 80 Nandan Road Shanghai200030 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing210093 China CAS Key Laboratory of FAST National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China Department of Astronomy Xiamen University Fujian Xiamen361005 China Center For Astrophysics GuangZhou University Guangzhou510006 China Research Center for intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 10 Yuanhua Road Nanjing210023 China

The line widths of broad line regions (BLRs) of AGNs are key parameters for understanding the central super massive black holes (SMBHs). However, due to obscuration from dusty torus, optical recombination lines from BLRs in type II AGNs can not be directly detected. Radio recombination lines (RRLs), with low extinction, can be ideal tracers to probe emission from BLRs in type II AGNs. We performed RRL observations for H35α and H36α toward the center of Circinus galaxy with ALMA. Narrow components of H35α and H36α, which are thought to be mainly from star forming regions around the nuclear region, are detected. However, only upper limits are obtained for broad H35α and H36α. Since Circinus galaxy is one of the nearest AGN, non-detection of broad RRLs in Circinus galaxy at this band tells us that it is hopeless to detect broad RRL emission in local AGNs with current facilities. Submillimetre RRLs, with flux densities that are dozens of times higher than those at the millimetre level, could be the tools to directly detect BLRs in type II AGNs with ALMA, once its backend frequency coverage has been upgraded to several times better than its current capabilities. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogen

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Epilepsy Classification for Mining Deeper Relationships between EEG Channels based on GCN

Epilepsy Classification for Mining Deeper Relationships betw...

引用

Computer Vision, Image and Deep Learning (CVIDL), International Conference on

作者： Xin Chen Yuanjie Zheng Yi Niu Chengiiang Li School of Information Science and Engineering Shandong Normal University Jinan China Key Lab of Intelligent Computing and Information Security Universities of Shandong Jinan China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Novel Distributed Computer Software Technology Institute of Biomedical Sciences Jinan China Shandong University of Science and Technology Jinan China

ISBN: (数字)9781728194813

ISBN: (纸本)9781728194820

Epilepsy is a brain disorder caused by abnormal discharges of neurons in brain. It is one of the most commonly studied disorders in neurology. The research of epilepsy electroencephalogram (EEG) has become a hot research topic. We find that in epilepsy EEG detection task, many previous methods focused on directly collecting the data of each channel, but these methods seldom analyse relationships between signals. Therefore, we propose the Epilepsy EEG Graph Convolutional Network EGCN, which makes full use of correlations between channels to deeply mine data information. We specifically design 5-layer graph convolutional network structure for classification of healthy and epileptic patients. The method is applied to public data set (Boon and CHB-MIT) to establish a reasonable classification model. And we compare it with some advanced algorithms. The experimental results show that the E-GCN method is superior to many existing methods in classification accuracy. In brief, the E-GCN method can be effectively used in classification and detection for epilepsy. This provides new ideas for colleagues, who study epilepsy EEG. In addition, this also provides richer experience for diagnosis of epilepsy.

关键词： Epilepsy Electroencephalography Convolution Brain modeling Feature extraction Correlation Task analysis

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Reciprocating Magnetic Fields in the Pulsar Wind Observed from the Black Widow Pulsar J1720−0534

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Miao, Chen-Chen Blackmon, Victoria Zhu, Wei-Wei Li, Dong-Zi Ge, Mingyu You, Xiao-Peng McLaughlin, Maura Li, Di Wang, Na Wang, Pei Niu, Jia-Rui Cruces, M. Yuan, Jian-Ping Bai, Jun-Tao Champion, D.J. Chen, Yu-Tong Chi, Ming-Min Freire, P.C.C. Feng, Yi Gan, Zhen-Ye Kramer, M. Kou, Fei-Fei Li, Yu-Xi Miao, Xue-Li Meng, Ling-Qi Niu, Chen-Hui Sun, Sheng-Nan Sun, Zhong-Yi Tedila, H.M. Wang, Shuang-Qiang Wu, Qing-Dong Wang, Jing-Bo Wen, Zhi-Gang Wang, Shen Wang, Ya-Biao Wang, Cheng-Jie Xue, Meng-Yao Yue, You-Ling Yuan, Mao Yao, Ju-Mei Yan, Wen-Ming Zhao, Ru-Shuang Zhang, Lei Zhao, De National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China West Virginia University 1500 University Ave MorgantownWV26506 United States Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Beijing102206 China Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics California Institute of Technology 1216 E California Boulevard PasadenaCA91125 United States Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest University Chongqing400715 China Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Xinjiang Urumqi830011 China Max-Planck Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany School of Computer Science Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Guizhou Normal University Guiyang550001 China College of Physical Science and Technology Central China Normal University Wuhan430079 China Institute of Optoelectronic Technology Lishui University Zhejiang Lishui323000 China Tencent Youtu Lab Tencent Youtu Lab Shanghai200233 China

We report the radio observations of the eclipsing black widow pulsar J1720−0534, a 3.26 ms pulsar in orbit with a low mass companion of mass 0.029 to 0.034 M☉. We obtain the phase-connected timing ephemeris and polarization profile of this millisecond pulsar (MSP) using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and the Parkes Telescope. For the first time from such a system, an oscillatory polarisation angle change was observed from a particular eclipse egress with partial depolarization, indicating 10-milliGauss-level reciprocating magnetic fields oscillating in a length scale of 5×103 km (assuming an orbital inclination angle of 90 degrees) outside the companion’s magnetosphere. The dispersion measure variation observed during the ingresses and egresses shows the rapid raising of the electron density in the shock boundary between the companion’s magnetosphere and the surrounding pulsar wind. We suggest that the observed oscillatory magnetic fields originate from the pulsar wind outside the companion’s magnetosphere. © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Magnetic fields

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Click-iG: Simultaneous Enrichment and Profiling of Intact N-linked, O-GalNAc, and O-GlcNAcylated Glycopeptides

引用

Angewandte Chemie 2023年第36期135卷

作者： Dr. Jialin Liu Dr. Bo Cheng Dr. Xinqi Fan Xinyue Zhou Jiankun Wang Dr. Wen Zhou Hengyu Li Dr. Wenfeng Zeng Prof. Pengyuan Yang Prof. Xing Chen College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Institute of Computing Technology CAS Beijing 100190 China Deseased

Proteins are ubiquitously modified with glycans of varied chemical structures through distinct glycosidic linkages, making the landscape of protein glycosylation challenging to map. Profiling of intact glycopeptides with mass spectrometry (MS) has recently emerged as a powerful tool for revealing matched information of the glycosylation sites and attached glycans (i.e., intact glycosites), but is largely limited to individual glycosylation types. Herein, we describe Click-iG, which integrates metabolic labeling of glycans with clickable unnatural sugars, an optimized MS method, and a tailored version of pGlyco3 software to enable simultaneous enrichment and profiling of three types of intact glycopeptides: N-linked, mucin-type O-linked, and O-GlcNAcylated glycopeptides. We demonstrate the utility of Click-iG by the identification of thousands of intact glycosites in cell lines and living mice. From the mouse lung, heart, and spleen, a total of 2053 intact N-glycosites, 262 intact O-GalNAc glycosites, and 1947 O-GlcNAcylation sites were identified. Click-iG-enabled comprehensive coverage of the protein glycosylation landscape lays the foundation for interrogating crosstalk between different glycosylation pathways.

关键词： Glycoproteomics Glycosylation Intact Glycosites Metabolic Labeling Unnatural Glycans

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GAMMA Challenge: Glaucoma grAding from Multi-Modality imAges

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Wu, Junde Fang, Huihui Li, Fei Fu, Huazhu Lin, Fengbin Li, Jiongcheng Huang, Yue Yu, Qinji Song, Sifan Xu, Xinxing Xu, Yanyu Wang, Wensai Wang, Lingxiao Lu, Shuai Li, Huiqi Huang, Shihua Lu, Zhichao Ou, Chubin Wei, Xifei Liu, Bingyuan Kobbi, Riadh Tang, Xiaoying Lin, Li Zhou, Qiang Hu, Qiang Bogunović, Hrvoje Orlando, José Ignacio Zhang, Xiulan Xu, Yanwu State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Guangzhou China Intelligent Healthcare Unit Baidu Inc. Beijing China Singapore School of Informatics Xiamen University Xiamen China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou China Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore Institute of Biomedical Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China School of Medical Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Department of Computing Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China Weizhi Medical Technology Company Suzhou China École de Technologie Supérieure Montreal Montreal Canada DIAGNOS Inc. Quebec Canada Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Technology Co. Ltd. Shanghai China School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Christian Doppler Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Retina Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Austria Yatiris Group PLADEMA Institute CONICET UNICEN Tandil Argentina

Glaucoma is a chronic neuro-degenerative condition that is one of the world's leading causes of irreversible but preventable blindness. The blindness is generally caused by the lack of timely detection and treatment. Early screening is thus essential for early treatment to preserve vision and maintain life quality. Color fundus photography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are the two most cost-effective tools for glaucoma screening. Both imaging modalities have prominent biomarkers to indicate glaucoma suspects, such as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR) on fundus images and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT volume. In clinical practice, it is often recommended to take both of the screenings for a more accurate and reliable diagnosis. However, although numerous algorithms are proposed based on fundus images or OCT volumes for the automated glaucoma detection, there are few methods that leverage both of the modalities to achieve the target. To fulfill the research gap, we set up the Glaucoma grAding from Multi-Modality imAges (GAMMA) Challenge to encourage the development of fundus & OCT-based glaucoma grading. The primary task of the challenge is to grade glaucoma from both the 2D fundus images and 3D OCT scanning volumes. As part of GAMMA, we have publicly released a glaucoma annotated dataset with both 2D fundus color photography and 3D OCT volumes, which is the first multi-modality dataset for machine learning based glaucoma grading. In addition, an evaluation framework is also established to evaluate the performance of the submitted methods. During the challenge, 1272 results were submitted, and finally, ten best performing teams were selected for the final stage. We analyze their results and summarize their methods in the paper. Since all the teams submitted their source code in the challenge, we conducted a detailed ablation study to verify the effectiveness of the particular modules proposed. Finally, we identify the proposed techniqu

关键词： Grading

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