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Numerical Simulations for Comparison of Cold Plate Cooling and Hfe-7000 Immersion Cooling in Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Liu, Xinyu Zhou, Zhifu Wu, Wei-Tao Wei, Lei Hu, Chengzhi Li, Yang Huang, Heng Li, Yubai Song, Yongchen Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education Dalian University of Technology Dalian116024 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing210094 China Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China

In this work, fluorinated liquids can be used as a new immersion coolant for effective battery thermal management (BTM) because of their insulating and non-flammable inert characteristics. In this research, the liquid chosen for immersion cooling is HFE-7000, characterized by a boiling point of 34°C. The analysis of bubble kinetics is employed to investigate the heat transfer mechanism in two-phase immersion cooling by examining the behavior of bubbles during the boiling process. The square ternary Li-ion batteries are subjected under loads of 2C and 3C cooled by immersion cooling and a mini-channel cold plate as a comparison. It turns out that immersion liquid cooling modules offer superior thermal performance. Under constant current (CC), the peak temperature is reduced by 4.89°C and 9.31°C compared with the mini-channel cold plate cooling (CPC). Under dynamic load conditions, the maximum temperature rise of the battery is reduced by 29.89% and 43.89% compared to CPC. As a passive heat dissipation method, two-phase immersion cooling reduces the design requirements for active control. Also, it delivers an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) designed for upcoming electric vehicles (EVs). © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

Thermal Management for the 18650 Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Immersion Cooling with Fluorinated Liquid

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Li, Yang Bai, Minli Zhou, Zhifu Wu, Wei-Tao Hu, Chengzhi Gao, Linsong Liu, Xinyu Li, Yubai Song, Yongchen Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education Dalian University of Technology Dalian116023 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'An710049 China School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing210094 China

In this work, a new battery thermal management system (BTMS) utilizing a SF33-based liquid immersion cooling (LIC) scheme has been proposed. Firstly, the comparative investigation focuses on the temperature response of the LIC and forced air cooling (FAC) modules in different scenarios. The results demonstrate that LIC module effectively mitigates heat accumulation, thereby presenting notable advantages in terms of temperature control and equalization, even though the LIC module works under the stage without phase change occurrence. During 2C and 3C charging, the highest temperatures of the LIC module are observed to be 10 °C and 19.1 °C only lower than those of the FAC module, respectively. Furthermore, the highest temperature differences of the LIC module are only 12.89% and 8.57% of the corresponding values exhibited by the FAC module. Moreover, the associated cooling energy consumption for the LIC module is greatly reduced, amounting to only 16.47% and 43.76% of that required by the FAC module. Subsequently, an active control scheme for the LIC is initially proposed, and the phase change process of the LIC under various discharging rates is recorded and analyzed using a high-speed camera. This study serves as a preliminary proof of concept for the feasibility of SF33-based LIC scheme in BTMS. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

A review on thermal application of metal foam

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2020年第12期63卷 2469-2490页

作者： CHEN Kang GUO LieJin WANG Hui State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Institute of Solar Engineering Technology Northwest Engineering Corporation LimitedPowerChinaXi’an 710065China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Donghua UniversityShanghai 201620China

Heat exchangers embedded with metal foam are drawing increasing attention in the thermal application field,due to the performance of low density,large ratio of surface area to volume as well as high thermal conductivity. In these applications,compact heat exchanger,solar thermal facilities and thermal energy storage are the three core components. This paper focuses on the lasted advances in thermal applications,presenting a review of theoretical and experimental progress over metal foam in thermal application. The empirical and theoretical models for pressure drop,heat transfer coefficient and performance evaluation criteria of compact heat exchangers with metal foam are reviewed and discussed,especially different optimized *** is a trade-off between heat transfer enhancement and increase of pressure drop. Some exploratory work performed by present authors are also introduced. The manufacturing,heat transfer and flow characteristics of tube bundle wrapped with metal foam are taken into account for optimization of heat exchanger. It is confirmed that the conversion mechanism of heat transfer is carried out that heat conduction is the dominative term at high dimension permeability. The correlations of heat transfer rate and pressure drop for staggered and single row tube bundle wrapped with metal foam are concluded,respectively. The effects of different bonding methods are revealed for point-contact in metal foam and base tube. The powder-sintering method can provide a stable and minimum-thickness bonding layer. Various types of solar thermal facilities utilized metal foam to improve the energy conversion efficiency from solar radiant energy to thermal energy are also reviewed and discussed,including solar collector for intermediate-low temperature utilization and solar receiver for high temperature utilization. The Last but not least,existing and future metal foam thermal application stations are overviewed.

关键词： metal foam heat transfer enhancement solar thermal facilities thermal energy storage

Zero-Energy Nonlinear Temperature Control of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Shape Memory Alloy

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Li, Yang Bai, Minli Zhou, Zhifu Wu, Wei-Tao Wei, Lei Hu, Chengzhi Liu, Xinyu Gao, Shuai Li, Yubai Song, Yongchen Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education Dalian University of Technology Dalian116023 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'An710049 China School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing210094 China Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China

Improving the poor performance of lithium-ion battery (LIB) in extreme temperatures is essential to promoting electric vehicles (EVs) into wider application. The most severe challenge for the existing battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) is to overcome the contradiction between excellent heat dissipation at high temperatures and effective insulation at low temperatures. Here, we propose a zero-energy nonlinear temperature control strategy based on thermal regulator. The designed thermal regulator based on shape memory alloy (SMA) can switch the heat flux on the battery surface according to its temperature without any power supply or logic control and provide the desirable thermal functions. This thermal regulator increases the battery capacity by 55.44% in the cold environment of -20℃ compared to the baseline BTMS with superior heat dissipation. Simultaneously, it can limit the battery peak temperature to near the FS49 boiling point (49℃) in the hot environment of 45℃ to ensure safety. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the thermal regulator enables thermal runaway to be effectively suppressed inside the battery, reducing the emission of combustible or toxic gases by 72.26%, which is reported for the first time. Finally, we simplify the design of the thermal regulator from the perspective of system integration and demonstrate the feasibility of the thermal regulator at the battery pack level. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

Adaptive Growing Randomized Neural Networks for Solving Partial Differential Equations

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arXiv

arXiv 2024年

作者： Dang, Haoning Wang, Fei Jiang, Song School of Mathematics and Statistics Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China School of Mathematics and Statistics State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing100088 China

Randomized neural network (RNN) methods have been proposed for solving various partial differential equations (PDEs), demonstrating high accuracy and efficiency. However, initializing the fixed parameters remains a challenging issue. Additionally, RNNs often struggle to solve PDEs with sharp or discontinuous solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called Adaptive Growing Randomized Neural Network (AG-RNN) to address these challenges. First, we establish a parameter initialization strategy based on frequency information to construct the initial RNN. After obtaining a numerical solution from this initial network, we use the residual as an error indicator. Based on the error indicator, we introduce growth strategies that expand the neural network, making it wider and deeper to improve the accuracy of the numerical solution. A key feature of AG-RNN is its adaptive strategy for determining the weights and biases of newly added neurons, enabling the network to expand in both width and depth without requiring additional training. Instead, all weights and biases are generated constructively, significantly enhancing the network’s approximation capabilities compared to conventional randomized neural network methods. In addition, a domain splitting strategy is introduced to handle the case of discontinuous solutions. Extensive numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this innovative approach. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Partial differential equations

Thermal Management for the Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Immersion Cooling with Fluorinated Liquid

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SSRN 2024年

In this study, a novel FS49-based battery thermal management system (BTMS) was proposed and tested for cooling the prismatic lithium-ion battery (LIB) module. The boiling of dielectric refrigerant occurred at the battery surface, which provided strong and uniform cooling for each battery cell. The results show that the peak temperature difference of liquid immersion cooling (LIC) module during 1C rate discharging and charging was reduced by 91.3% and 94.44%, respectively, compared to the natural convection (NC) module. The reduction of temperature nonuniformity greatly reduced the state of charge (SOC) inhomogeneity of different cells within the module. Moreover, the energy density of LIC module can be optimized by reducing the cell spacing and liquid filling ratio. Comparing with 100% filling rate, the module maximum temperature corresponding to 25% filling rate (with wick) during 2C rate discharging is only increased by 1.6°C, however, the module peak temperature difference is reduced by 53.3%, and the energy density is increased by 13.14%. In addition, Equivalent circuit model (ECM) and volume of fluid (VOF) model were used to simulate the LIC module, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. This study provides a systematic design plan and numerical method for the engineering application of LIC in the field of BTMS. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Energy System Coupling Solar Organic Rankine Cycle and Ground Source Heat Pump: Exploring Heat Cascade Utilization

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Chen, Liangqi Yue, Huifeng Wang, Jiangfeng Lou, Juwei Wang, Shunsen Guo, Yumin Deng, Bohao Sun, Lu State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China China United Northwest Institute for Engineering Design & Research Co. Ltd Xi’an710077 China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China

The demand for efficient utilization of renewable energy is growing and the hybrid energy system driven by solar and geothermal energy is a significant way to achieve carbon neutrality. This paper presents a hybrid energy system coupling solar organic Rankine cycle (S-ORC) with ground source heat pump (GSHP) for heating and power supply to explore the heat cascade utilization. In the hybrid energy system, the ground heat exchanger (GHE) is shared by the S-ORC and GSHP systems and the waste heat from the condenser of S-ORC is recovered to enhance the coefficient of performance (COP) of GSHP. A mathematical model is optimized to analyze the parametric effects on thermodynamic performance. The results indicate that the COP of the hybrid energy system can be improved up to 6.5 which shows the obvious advantage compared to 2.8 of the stand-alone GSHP system. Furthermore, the hybrid energy system can obtain optimum exergy efficiency by matching ground source temperature and condensation temperature in the ORC unit. For a building of 3000m2 with heating and power supply, multi-objective optimization is carried out to obtain the optimal design performance that the net power output, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are 180.0kW, 27.5%, and 9.2% respectively. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geothermal heat pumps

Preparation and Application of Red Mud-Based Zero-Valent Iron Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst: A New Idea for Red Mud Recycling

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Li, Hang Shi, Bofang Fu, Xiaojie Zhang, Haowen Yang, Honghui Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry School of Chemistry Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China

As an abundant hazardous waste, red mud needs a simple and effective mean of resource utilization. Herein, a novel zero-valent iron heterogeneous Fenton catalyst RMB-900 was synthesized by pyrolysis (900°C) using red mud and straw with a facile solvent-free carbothermal redox approach. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that Fe2O3 in the red mud was reduced to Fe0. Characterization data showed that RMB-900 was a zero-valent iron loaded porous material. Under the conditions of 2.86 mM H2O2, 100 mg/L acid red G, and 1 g/L RMB-900, 98% of acid red G was removed within 10 min, the reaction rate constant is 6.7 folds higher than that of commercial zero-valent iron. The RMB-900/H2O2 system also showed good degradability to antibiotics (Sulfamethoxazole, Ibuprofen and Carbamazepine). H2O2 is mainly catalysed by Fe0 in RMB-900 to generate •OH for ARG degradation. RMB-900 still showed excellent catalytic performance after standing for four months and after being reused nine times. This study not only prepared a catalyst with low cost, high stability, and great potential for wastewater treatment through a simple and green solvent-free method, but also provided a research basis for further exploration of red mud-based catalysts. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wastewater treatment

Aeroderivative Gas Turbine and Composite Sco2 power Cycle Integrated System: Towards Large-Scale Gas-to-power Efficient Conversion

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jiang, Yuemao Wang, Shunsen Su, Wen Li, Bo Wang, Zhe State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China School of Energy Science and Engineering Central South University Changsha410083 China National Center for International Research of Subsea Engineering Technology and Equipment Dalian Maritime University Dalian116026 China

power-to-Gas is proving to be an effective means of storing electricity from renewables on a large scale. Nevertheless, there is yet to be a clear technical route for large-scale hydrogen-enriched gas conversion into electricity (Gas-to-power). This paper proposed a novel integrated power system consisting of an aeroderivative gas turbine and a composite supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycle. In addition, a new evaluation indicator based on exergy was also proposed to reveal the real waste heat recovery capacity and select the sCO2 cycles. After that, a comprehensive energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environment (4E) analysis and global parametric studies were conducted for the integrated system. Finally, an entropy-based TOPSIS decision-maker was combined with the tri-objective optimization algorithm for the combined cycle integrated design. Thermodynamic optimization results show that, unlike the thermal efficiency, the exergy efficiency of the partial heating sCO2 cycle of 48.3% is higher than that of the recuperated one. With the exhaust gas carrying 21% of fuel exergy, the total exergy recovery efficiency is 51.7%, and the fuel efficiency of the integrated system is over 50%. As for the exergoeconomic, the combustor alone is responsible for 77.1% of the total exergy destruction, the initial cost of the bottoming cycle is less than half that of the gas turbine, and the high-pressure turbine has the highest exergoeconomic factor of 91.5%. The key parameters of the gas turbine significantly influence the performance of the sCO2 cycle and the integrated system 4E performance. There is an optimal gas turbine inlet temperature of about 1500 K to minimize the LCOE. After the multi-objective integrated optimization, the overall efficiency, LCOE, and specific gas emissions are 50.2%, 7.8 cents/kWh, and 396.8 g/kWh, respectively, which are all higher than those from optimizing the bottoming cycle alone. It is considered that the technical solutions and research results

关键词： Gas turbines