Risk-Based Critical Concentrations of Enteric Pathogens for Recreational Water Criteria and Recommended Minimum Sample Volumes for Routine Water Monitoring

作     者：Denpetkul, Thammanitchpol Pumkaew, Monchai Sittipunsakda, Oranoot Srathongneam, Thitima Mongkolsuk, Skorn Sirikanchana, Kwanrawee 

作者机构：Department of Social and Environmental Medicine Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Bangkok10400 Thailand Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management Program School of Multidisciplinary Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus Kanchanaburi71150 Thailand Research Laboratory of Biotechnology Chulabhorn Research Institute Bangkok10210 Thailand Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology Ministry of Education Bangkok10400 Thailand 

出 版 物：《SSRN》 

年 卷 期：2024年

核心收录：

主　　题：Pathogens 

摘      要：Concerns are rising about the contamination of recreational waters from human and animal waste, along with associated risks to public health. However, existing guidelines for managing pathogens in these environments have not yet adopted risk-based pathogen-specific criteria, which are essential to improve the protection of public health. This study aimed to establish risk-based critical concentration benchmarks for significant enteric pathogens, i.e., norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applying a 0.036 risk benchmark to both marine and freshwater environments, the study identified the lowest critical concentrations for children, who are the most susceptible group. Norovirus, E. coli O157:H7, and Cryptosporidium presented lowest critical concentrations for virus, bacteria, and protozoa, respectively: 0.60 GC, 98.96 CFU, and 2.71 viable oocysts per 100 mL in freshwater for children. These values were then used to determine minimum sample volumes corresponding to different recovery rates for culture method, digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. The results indicate that for children, norovirus required the largest sample volumes (5th percentile between 6.58 to 227.27 L, depending on water type and detection method), reflecting its low critical concentration and high potential for causing illness. In contrast, adenovirus and rotavirus required significantly smaller volumes (approximately 0.24 to 1.5 L), as did the bacteria and protozoa studied (200–300 mL and 3–3.5 L, respectively), based on a 10% recovery rate. Additionally, the presented risk-based framework could provide a model for establishing pathogen thresholds, potentially guiding the creation of extensive risk-based criteria for various pathogens in recreational waters, thus aiding public health authorities in decision-making, strengthening pathogen monitoring, and imp