Qu-Trefoil: Large-Scale Quantum Circuit Simulator Working on FPGA With SATA Storages

作     者：Wei, Kaijie Amano, Hideharu Niwase, Ryohei Yamaguchi, Yoshiki Miyoshi, Takefumi 

作者机构：Keio Univ Ctr Sustainable Quantum AI Tokyo 1080073 Japan Univ Tokyo Syst Design Lab Bunkyo Ku Tokyo 1130032 Japan Univ Tsukuba Grad Sch Syst & Informat Engn Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058573 Japan WasaLabo LLC Tokyo 1940045 Japan 

出 版 物：《IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS》 (IEEE Trans Comput)

年 卷 期：2025年第74卷第4期

页      面：1306-1321页

核心收录：

学科分类：0808[工学-电气工程] 08[工学] 0812[工学-计算机科学与技术（可授工学、理学学位）] 

基　　金：JST [JPMJPF2221/JPMJCR19K1] JSPS KAKENHI [JP21H04869/JP23K19979] KIOXIA Corporation Tsukuba Innovation Arena (TIA) 

主　　题：Qubit Quantum computing Quantum circuit Integrated circuit modeling Computational modeling Field programmable gate arrays Logic gates Supercomputers Memory management Graphics processing units State vector quantum circuit simulation quantum computer FPGA Qulacs HLS Serial ATA 

摘      要：Quantum circuits are fundamental components of quantum computing, and state-vector-based quantum circuit simulation is a widely used technique for tracking qubit behavior throughout circuit evolution. However, simulating a circuit with n qubits requires 2(n+4) bytes of memory, making simulations of more than 40 qubits feasible only on supercomputers. To address this limitation, we propose the Qu-Trefoil, a system designed for large-scale quantum circuit simulations on an FPGA-based platform called Trefoil. Trefoil is a multi-FPGA system connected to eight storage subsystems, each equipped with 32 SATA disks. Qu-Trefoil integrates a suite of HLS-based universal quantum gates, including Clifford gates (Hadamard (H), Pauli-Z (Z), Phase (S), Controlled-NOT (CNOT)), the T gate, and unitary matrix computation, along with HDL-designed modules for system-wide integration. Our extensive evaluation demonstrates the system s robustness and flexibility, covering quantum gate performance, chunk size, disk extensibility, and efficiency across different SATA generations. We successfully simulated quantum circuits with over 43 qubits, which required more than 128 TB of memory, in approximately 3.72 to 13.06 hours on a single storage subsystem equipped with one FPGA. This achievement represents a significant milestone in the advancement of quantum computing simulations. Furthermore, thanks to its unique architecture, Qu-Trefoil is more accessible, flexible, and cost-efficient than other existing simulators for large-scale quantum circuit simulations, making it a viable option for researchers with limited access to supercomputers.