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conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO EUROPE)

作者： W.F. Krupke Appl. Lasers Pleasanton CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780363191

Summary form only given. Selecting from but a handful of commercially available laser crystals, laser designers have produced an impressive array of solid state lasers able to perform a wide range of scientific, industrial and military applications. Laser design possibilities were enormously expanded with the development in the late 1980's of efficient bright, and powerful semiconductor laser diodes as pump sources for solid state lasers. Despite this, it sometimes proves difficult, if not impossible, to design lasers meeting some applications requirements, when drawing only on presently commercially-available laser crystals, especially when particularly demanding size, weight, and efficiency requirements are imposed. Thus, there continues to be a need to identify, characterize, and develop novel laser crystals possessing characteristics that significantly broaden design options for future laser devices and systems. Because the cost is rather large to transition a newly discovered optical material from laboratory experiments to commercial readiness, it is necessary that such materials possess significantly distinct and enabling characteristics, relative to available materials, and that the intended application(s) be sufficiently highly valued. Fortunately, since the discovery of the laser /spl sim/40 years ago, an extensive array of modeling tools, device design experiences, and material property data bases have evolved, which can be exploited to guide the search for applications enabling new laser materials. By way of example, the author considers in detail the search leading to the discovery of the new class of room-temperature, diode-pumped, tunable mid-IR lasers based on tetrahedrally-coordinated, divalent 3d-transition metal ions in II-VI chalcogenide crystals.

关键词： Optical materials Semiconductor laser arrays Pump lasers solid lasers Optical design Crystalline materials Laser transitions Crystals Laser applications Laser modes

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A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel single-layer electrode CCD with a high-frame-rate skip mode

A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel single-layer electrode CCD with a high...

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IEEE International conference on solid-state Circuits (ISSCC)

作者： K. Hatano M. Fummiya I. Murakami T. Kawasaki C. Ogawa Y. Nakashiba Nihon Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Minato-ku Tokyo JP ULSI Device Development Laboratory NEC Corporation Limited Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan

A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel interline-transfer charge-coupled-device (IT-CCD) image sensor is described for digital camera applications. A 0.25 /spl mu/m-gap single-layer poly-Si is used for the CCD electrodes. The vertical CCD (V-CCD) of the image sensor has ten-phase metal wiring to enable various charge-transfer modes. We have now developed and tested a high-frame-rate skip mode (75 frame/s) and an advanced 3:1 interlaced-scan mode. We developed a method of separately implanting boron ions for the V-CCD and horizontal CCD (H-CCD) in single-layer electrode CCDs with small pixels, to maintain a high charge-transfer efficiency. Furthermore, reducing the pixel size degrades the light-gathering capability of the on-chip microlenses, reducing the sensitivity for a given camera-iris aperture (f number). A new thin-flattened-layer microlens improved the sensitivity of the device. At an f number of 1.4, for example, there was an 18% increase in sensitivity.

关键词： Electrodes Charge coupled devices Image sensors Lenses Microoptics Pixel Digital cameras Wiring Testing Boron

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High-resolution SPECT with a CdZnTe detector array and a scintillation camera

High-resolution SPECT with a CdZnTe detector array and a sci...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： M.C. Wu G.A. Kastis S.J. Balzer D.W. Wilson H.B. Barber H.H. Barrett M.W. Dae B.H. Hasegawa Department of Radiology University of California San Francisco USA Department of Radiology University of Arizona Tucson USA

The emerging significance of transgenic animal research has motivated the development of radionuclide imaging systems for mice and other small animals. In this work we compare the performance of a scintillation camera with a pinhole collimator (aperture diameter = 0.5 mm, magnification = 8-10) to that of a pixellated CdZnTe hybrid detector array with a parallel-hole collimator (pixel pitch = 0.380 mm, collimator aspect ratio = 27:1, collimator efficiency = 5 /spl times/ 10/sup -5/) for SPECT. A "mouse heart" phantom (annular cavity filled with aqueous pertechnetate simulating myocardial perfusion, OD = 5.1 mm, ID = 1.6 mm) and a miniature Carlson grid phantom (3.2 mm cold squares, 4.8 mm pitch) were imaged. Both systems produced high quality images in which objects smaller than two millimeters were resolved. The pinhole system's cone-beam geometry offers advantages, such as an easily variable field of view, and disadvantages such as increased distortion and a decreased field of view close to the pinhole. The semiconductor detector and parallel-hole collimator provide excellent spatial resolution close to the collimator with a fixed field of view of 25 /spl times/ 25 mm. We believe that both systems will find applications in small animal imaging.

关键词： sensor arrays Collimators Animals solid scintillation detectors Mice Imaging phantoms Spatial resolution High-resolution imaging Cameras Apertures

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Frequency counting interrogation techniques applied to gas sensor arrays

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期57卷 75-82页

作者： Amrani, MEH Payne, PA Dowdeswell, RM Hoffman, AD UMIST Dept Instrumentat & Analyt Sci Manchester M60 1QD Lancs England HD Technol Ltd Manchester M22 5PP Lancs England

This paper presents a simple, elegant interrogation technique for conducting polymer gas sensor arrays which takes advantage of their resistive and capacitive properties. To accomplish this, a four-channel Wien bridge oscillator system has been designed and constructed in which the conducting polymer sensor forms one of the arms of the bridge circuit. As gas or odour molecules adsorb and desorb from the sensor surface, the resistance and capacitance changes cause a consequent change in the Wien bridge oscillator frequency which is readily measured. Results of experiments using several volatile species are reported herein. Methods of improving the sensitivity of the oscillator-based approach have also been investigated and preliminary results of these investigations are also reported. The approach that has been adopted is applicable to any other form of sensor where the electrical properties change in response to a stimulus. Many other forms of phase shift oscillator can also be employed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wien bridge oscillators gas sensor arrays sensitivity improvements increased discrimination

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Multienzyme electrochemical sensor array for determination of heavy metal ions

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期57卷 213-218页

作者： Kukla, AL Kanjuk, NI Starodub, NF Shirshov, YM Inst Semicond Phys UA-252650 Kiev 28 Ukraine AV Palladin Biochem Inst UA-252030 Kiev 30 Ukraine

A multienzyme electrochemical sensor array is developed. It is based on capacitance pH-sensitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensors with silicon nitride ion-sensitive layers and different forms of cholinesterase, urease and glucose oxidase as sensitive elements. With this sensor array, we used a multienzyme analysis to recognize the heavy metal ions in solutions containing a mixture of different metal ions, as well as for determination of their content in the analysed samples. The content of toxic elements was determined by estimation of the residual activity of enzymatic membranes after the injection of analysed samples. The conditions for enzyme sensors operation, such as buffer capacity, substrate concentration, time of incubation and time of response signal measurement, were optimised to reach the maximal sensitivity of multisensor for analysis of heavy metal ions in the investigated solutions. It was shown that multienzyme analysis followed by mathematical processing is an efficient approach to develop sensor arrays for toxic substrates detection. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： biosensors multienzymatic electrochemical sensors heavy metal ions

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Effect of unmodified and derivatised poly(vinyl chloride) overlayers on the response of an electronic nose based on conducting polymers

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期58卷 536-543页

作者： Reddy, SM Payne, PA Univ Manchester Inst Sci & Technol Dept Instrumentat & Analyt Sci Manchester M60 1QD Lancs England

This paper describes a method of clearly distinguishing the headspace response of water from selected organic compounds. By using hydrophobic unplasticised poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as an overlayer, we have been able to minimise water interference at a pre-formed conducting polymer sensor array. As well as attenuating the signal to water, the response of the modified sensor to polar organic compounds has been reduced with the added effect of a switch in sign of the measured parameter. The effect of photo-dehydrochlorination of the PVC overlayer on the sensor array response was also investigated and is reported herein. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： conducting polymer sensor arrays solvent vapour measurements humidity interference poly(vinyl chloride) overlayers (PVC)

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development of a dissolved carbon dioxide sensor based on a coulometric titration

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期57卷 120-124页

作者： Wiegran, K Trapp, T Cammann, K Inst Chemo & Biosensor eV ICB D-48149 Munster Germany

This paper presents a sensor for the determination of dissolved carbon dioxide in water and seawater, respectively. The gas diffuses through a hydrophobic gas-permeable membrane and reacts with an alkaline electrolyte causing a ptr-value shift which is detected by an iridium oxide pH-electrode. The duration of the pH-shift within a specified pH-interval is measured and this so-called measuring period is correlated with the partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide in the sample. To start a new cycle, the initial pH-value is reached again by generating hydroxide ions electrochemically. The sensor allows determination of dissolved carbon dioxide in water in the range from 30 to 180 ppm. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： dissolved carbon dioxide coulometric titration seawater iridium oxide

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A humidity-independent ammonia sensor based on a quartz microbalance: a test under agricultural conditions

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期57卷 255-260页

作者： Rechenbach, T Schramm, U Boeker, P Horner, G Roesky, CEO Trepte, J Winter, S Pollex, R Bargon, J Weber, E Lammers, PS Univ Bonn Inst Agr Engn D-53115 Bonn Germany Univ Bonn Inst Phys & Theoret Chem D-53115 Bonn Germany HKR Sensor Syst D-81371 Munich Germany Feinchem Sebnitz GMBH D-01855 Sebnitz Germany Univ Mining Technol Inst Organ Chem D-09599 Freiberg Germany

sensor-arrays consisting of multiple quartz microbalances (QMB) each coated with different cryptophanes (CPH), macrocycles (MC) (U. Schramm, T. Rechenbach, P. Boeker, S. Winter, C. Roesky, R. Pollex, E. Weber, P. Schulze Lammers, J. Bargon, Ammonia sensor based on carboxylic-acid functionalized cryptophanes and macrocycles, Proceedings of the EUROsensorS XII conference, 1998, pp. 533-536), or heterocalixarenes (E. Weber, J. Trepte, K. Gloe, M. Piel, M. Czugler, ***. Krartsov, Yu.A. Simonov, J. Aiptrowsky, E.V. Ganin, Heterocalixarenes featuring the benzimidazol-2-one subunit synthesis and X-ray structural studies of solvent inclusion, J. Chem. Sec., Perkin Trans. 2 (1996) 2359-2364) have been used to detect ammonia under agricultural conditions. As with almost all other QMB-based ammonia sensors, when using only one ammonia-sensitive sensor element on the array, the response of this initial device to ammonia fluctuated significantly due to a pronounced sensitivity to humidity. This cross sensitivity to humidity has been compensated using a heterocalixarene as a coating on one additional element of the array which thus functions as a humidity sensor. Combined with a partial least-square (PLS) analysis, this combination yields a robust humidity-independent ammonia sensor for agricultural applications. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： sensor ammonia humidity quartz microbalance host/guest inclusion pattern recognition

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Heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on SOI for sensor applications

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-solid state MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 1999年 61-2卷 516-521页

作者： Krötz, G Möller, H Eickhoff, M Zappe, S Ziermann, R Obermeier, E Stoemenos, J Daimler Benz AG Dept FT2M D-81663 Munich Germany Tech Univ Berlin Berlin Germany Aristotelian Univ Salonika GR-54006 Salonika Greece

Typical industrial high temperature sensor applications are reviewed and a short overview of the different high temperature sensor technologies is given. The pros and cons are weighted. Silicon carbide on insulator (SiCOIN) technology comes out to be the most attractive, provided the state of development can be brought up to the one of silicon and silicon on insulator (SOT). Due to the lack of commercially available SIC on SOI wafers, a new SiC on SOI technology has been developed. It is based on the precursor gas methylsilane. The low temperature growth process is described and in-situ n-type doping, which is necessary for sensor applications, has been carried out successfully over a wide range of concentrations without loosing the good crystal properties. Actually the full process is being transferred from a test reactor to a 4 inch machine. This should provide 3C-SiC on SOI wafers for commercial sensor applications. A demonstrator of combustion pressure sensor dedicated to pressure-based engine control is shown. Results of the pressure sensor fitted in a motor-test setup are summarized. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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Honeywell resistor array development and future directions

Honeywell resistor array development and future directions

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conference on Technologies for Synthetic Environments - Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing IV

作者： Cole, B Weeres, S Higashi, R Ridley, J Holmen, J Johnson, B Honeywell Solid State Elect Ctr Honeywell Technol Ctr Plymouth MN 55441 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819431710

In 1991 the Honeywell Technology Center began the development of large area 2D microemitter arrays for IR scene projection. Since then, 5 different types of 512x512 or larger arrays have been fabricated, all in current use. This paper will review the status, properties, and applications of these arrays. Pixel and array improvements which will lead to ultralow power consumption, very high performance, very fast 1024 square arrays are under development. A number of these efforts are described.

关键词： IR projector hardware-in-the-loop microstructure MEMS resistor array emitter pixel apparent temperature

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