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临床小儿外科杂志 2007年第4期6卷 21-25页

作者：黎润光魏明发吴晓娟邵景范郭先娥宣晓琪张文翁一珍袁继炎华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院小儿外科武汉430030

目的探讨肠神经元发育异常患儿术后康复治疗的方法和意义。方法针对我院近年来收治的肠神经元发育异常患儿有可能出现术后肠功能紊乱、污粪、反复腹胀、便秘、反复小肠结肠炎及心理疾患等情况,选择性采用扩肛器扩肛、有效药物保留灌肠... 详细信息

目的探讨肠神经元发育异常患儿术后康复治疗的方法和意义。方法针对我院近年来收治的肠神经元发育异常患儿有可能出现术后肠功能紊乱、污粪、反复腹胀、便秘、反复小肠结肠炎及心理疾患等情况,选择性采用扩肛器扩肛、有效药物保留灌肠、生物反馈治疗、中药调理、饮食指导、心理辅导等康复措施,并以临床症状的改善、社会生活质量的提高,肠炎的发生与转归及直肠肛门测压的变化情况来评估患儿术后康复治疗的效果。结果获得随访的136例患儿经康复治疗后症状均有所好转,其中56例复查直肠肛门测压,直肠肛管松弛反射(RAIR)的重现率为55%。结论康复治疗可以改善术后并发症,是手术后肠功能紊乱等症状的有效治疗方法。

关键词：肠/神经支配神经元/畸形

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肠内神经系统与先天性肛肠畸形

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临床小儿外科杂志 2004年第5期3卷 363-367,371页

作者：王岐宏郑珊上海复旦大学附属儿科医院外科上海200032

肠内神经系统(Enteric Nervous System，ENS)是一个独立的、复杂的、自成体系的、高度自动化的神经系统，它具有与脊髓同样多的神经元。中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System，CNS)中的每一种神经递质都可以在ENS中找到，具有独立于CNS... 详细信息

肠内神经系统(Enteric Nervous System，ENS)是一个独立的、复杂的、自成体系的、高度自动化的神经系统，它具有与脊髓同样多的神经元。中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System，CNS)中的每一种神经递质都可以在ENS中找到，具有独立于CNS的功能性神经反射弧，因此ENS又被称为“肠脑”。ENS通过交感和副交感神经系统与CNS联系，主要负责处理肠腔和肠壁来源的信息，

关键词：肠/神经支配肛门/畸形肠/畸形

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Nitric oxide from enteric nerves acts by a different mechanism from myogenic nitric oxide in canine lower esophageal sphincter

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JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 2000年第1期294卷 270-279页

作者： Daniel, EE Jury, J Salapatek, AM Bowes, T Lam, A Thomas, S Ramnarain, M Nguyen, V Mistry, V McMaster Univ Hlth Sci Ctr Dept Med Hamilton ON L8N 3Z5 Canada

In canine lower esophageal sphincter, myogenic constitutive nitric-oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) in plasma membrane limits tone by opening large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels (BKCa channels) and hyperpolarizing the membrane. We examined whether K-V channels were involved and whether NO from enteric nerves and from NO donors used the same mechanisms. With nerves inactive, 100 nM iberiotoxin, like N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), increased tone but less. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) at 5 mM behaved similarly. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) at 20 mM equaled the effect of L-NOARG and occluded any tone increase from any combination of these agents. More than iberiotoxin or 4-AP, TEA decreased relaxations in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (Sin-1) by similar to 50%. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, TEA and 4-AP reduced outward K+ currents additively by >90% at depolarization of +90 mV. Thus, K+ channels in addition to BKCa channels are opened by myogenic NO, and exogenous NO had relaxing effects both related and unrelated to K+ channel openings. TEA (20 mM) increased tone but did not inhibit relaxations to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of enteric nerves. 4-AP relaxed tone, an effect that was abolished and reversed by L-NOARG. 4-AP apparently released NO and acetylcholine from nerves. The putative Cl- channel blocker niflumic acid (NFA;30-100 mu M) dose dependently reduced tone, but tone, restored by 10(-6) M carbachol or 20 mM TEA, was still relaxed by EFS and by SNP. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) at 500 to 1000 mu M did not inhibit relaxation to EFS or SNP. The addition of TEA (20 mM) to DIDS (1000 mu M) induced tonic and phasic activity and markedly inhibited relaxations to EFS. DIDS plus TEA reduced the relaxations to SNP like TEA alone. Reduction in extracellular [Cl-2] by isethionate substitution reduced tone but did not reduce relaxations when tone was restored. The combination of reduced extracellular

关键词： 4 4'-二异硫氰基苯-2 2'-二磺酸/药理学 4-氨基吡啶/药理学氯化物通道/生理学食管胃接合处/生理学肠/神经支配一氧化氮/生理学硝基精氨酸/药理学钾通道/生理学四乙基铵化合物/药理学 ω蜗牛毒素GVIA/药理学动物狗

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Regulation of guinea pig intestinal peristalsis by endogenous endothelin acting at ET_B receptors

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GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000年第1期119卷 80-88页

作者： Shahbazian, A Holzer, P Graz Univ Dept Expt & Clin Pharmacol A-8010 Graz Austria

Background & Aims: Endothelins are expressed in many enteric neurons of the gut. Because activation of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors is known to alter intestinal muscle activity, the effect of ETA and ETB receptor agonists and antagonists on propulsive peristalsis was examined, Methods: Repetitive peristalsis in fluid-perfused segments of the guinea pig isolated small intestine was elicited by a rise of the intraluminal pressure and recorded via the pressure changes generated by the peristaltic waves. Results: Endothelin 1 (0.3-10 nmol/L added to the organ bath) stimulated peristalsis as shown by a decrease in the pressure threshold at which peristaltic waves were triggered, whereas the endothelin analog sarafotoxin 6c (0.3-10 nmol/L) inhibited peristalsis as reflected by an increase in the pressure threshold. The ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123 (3 mu mol/L) converted the properistaltic action of endothelin 1 to an antiperistaltic action, whereas the ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 (3 mu mol/L) prevented the antiperistaltic action of sarafotoxin 6c. BQ-788, but not BQ-123, facilitated peristalsis on its own, Additional experiments indicated that the properistaltic action of endothelin 1 is mediated by enteric neurons, whereas the peristaltic motor effects of sarafotoxin 6c and BQ-788 are caused by a direct action on the muscle. Conclusions: ETA receptor activation stimulates, whereas ETB, receptor activation inhibits, intestinal peristalsis. The ability of BQ-788 to facilitate peristalsis per se points to a physiologic role of ETB receptors in peristaltic motor regulation.

关键词：内皮缩血管肽类/生理学胃肠活动/生理学肠/神经支配肌平滑/药物作用神经元/生理学寡肽类/药理学肽类环/药理学哌啶类/药理学受体内皮素A 受体内皮素B 受体内皮缩血管肽/激动剂受体内皮缩血管肽/生理学蝰蛇毒液类/药理学动物豚鼠

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Nerve terminal nicotinic cholinergic receptors on excitatory motoneurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine

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JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 1999年第1期291卷 92-98页

作者： Galligan, JJ Michigan State Univ Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol E Lansing MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ Neurosci Program E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) localized to excitatory longitudinal muscle motoneurons were studied in segments of guinea pig ileum maintained in vitro. Longitudinal muscle contractions caused by the nAChRs agonists, dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), nicotine, and cytisine were measured using isometric strain gauge transducers. In normal Krebs' solution, the nAChR agonists caused concentration-dependent biphasic contractions with a rank order potency of DMPP > cytisine = nicotine. Contractions caused by DMPP and nicotine were inhibited more than 80% by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.3 mu M). Responses caused by DMPP were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the competitive nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (pA(2) = 5.4). In the presence of scopolamine (1 mu M) to block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, the nAChR agonists caused longitudinal muscle contractions that were monophasic and smaller in amplitude than those recorded in the absence of scopolamine. With scopolamine present, the agonist rank order potency was nicotine = DMPP > cytisine. Contractions caused by DMPP and nicotine (each at 100 mu M) were reduced by TTX by only 52 +/- 7 and 59 +/- 6%, respectively. Noncholinergic contractions caused by DMPP and nicotine were blocked by the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, CP 96,345-1 (0.3 mu M). Dihydro-beta-erythroidine also inhibited noncholinergic contractions caused by DMPP with a pA(2) value of 5.4. It is concluded that nAChRs are localized to the somatodendritic region of excitatory longitudinal muscle motoneurons. There are also nAChRs localized to the nerve terminals of these neurons where agonists can cause noncholinergic contractions via a TTX-insensitive mechanism.

关键词：胆碱能激动剂/药理学剂量效应关系药物肠/药物作用肠/神经支配肠/代谢运动神经元/药物作用运动神经元/代谢肌收缩/药物作用肠肌丛/细胞学肠肌丛/药物作用肠肌丛/代谢受体烟碱/代谢受体突触前/代谢动物豚鼠男(雄)性

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The organization of serotonin-, dopamine-, and FMRFamide-containing neuronal elements and their possible role in the regulation of spontaneous contraction of the gastrointestinal tract in the snail Helix pomatia

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JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1998年第10期27卷 761-775页

作者： Hernádi, L Erdélyi, L Hiripi, L Elekes, K Hungarian Acad Sci Balaton Limnol Res Inst H-8237 Tihany Hungary Attila Jozsef Univ Dept Comparat Anim Physiol Szeged Hungary

The distribution of serotonin-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and FMRFamide-immunoreactive neuronal elements, as well as the concentrations of serotonin and dopamine in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, were studied in the snail Helix pomatia. The sensitivity of the spontaneous contractions of the alimentary tract to serotonin, dopamine, and FMRFamide was also tested. Serotonin-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and FMRFamide-immunoreactive elements could be demonstrated in each part of the gastrointestinal tract, but they showed different innervation patterns. Serotonin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements were dominant in the submucosal layer, whereas FMRFamide-immunoreactive elements were dominant in both the mucosal and submucosal layers. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements were confined to the longitudinal muscle trabeculae of submucosa, whereas serotonin-immunoreactive elements were distributed throughout the submucosal layer. No serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies, but only fibers, could be detected in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore they represent extrinsic elements. Tyrosine hydroxylase- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive cell bodies represent intrinsic elements of the tract. The occurrence and density of the serotonin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements showed significant differences in the different parts of the alimentary tract, in accordance with HPLC assays, which revealed a significant frontocaudal decrease in both the serotonin (from 2.11 to 1.21 pM/mg) and dopamine (from 3.28 to 0.52 pM/mg) contents of the different parts of the alimentary tract. Dopamine at 10(-5) M concentration proved to be effective only on the longitudinal muscles by increasing the tone and frequency of contractions, but was ineffective on the circular muscles. Serotonin affected both the longitudinal and circular muscles. Serotonin at 10(-5) M concentration decreased the tone and increased the frequency of low-amplitude contractions of

关键词：多巴胺/分析多巴胺/药理学食管/神经支配食管/生理学 FMRF酰胺/分析 FMRF酰胺/药理学胃肠活动/药物作用胃肠活动/生理学砂囊/神经支配砂囊/生理学苹果蜗牛属/生理学肠/神经支配肠/生理学肌收缩/药物作用肌收缩/生理学神经元/化学神经肽类/分析神经肽类/药理学血清素/分析血清素/药理学动物

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糖尿病早期大鼠肠道肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经和VIP能神经的变化

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解剖学杂志 1998年第6期21卷 128-129页

作者：刘少纯张亦家李肇春湖北武汉同济医科大学组织胚胎学教研室 430030

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EFFECT OF INFLAMMATION OF ENTERIC NERVES - CYTOKINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTENT AND RELEASE

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ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1992年第1期664卷 415-424页

作者： COLLINS, SM HURST, SM MAIN, C STANLEY, E KHAN, I BLENNERHASSETT, P SWAIN, M Intestinal Diseases Research Unit McMaster University Medical Center Room 3N5C 1200 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario Canada L8N 3Z5

The results of our previously published work provide evidence of inflammation-induced functional disturbances in the enteric nervous system. Data presented in this paper describe our preliminary results indicating that the altered function in enteric nerves in the nematode-infected rat model of intestinal inflammation is mediated by interleukin-1. This is based on the ability of the exogenous cytokine to mimic changes observed in the model, and on the ability of a specific IL-1 antagonist to attenuate these changes. In addition, we have identified mechanisms underlying the actions of IL-1 in the myenteric plexus. Our data are consistent with a direct interaction between the cytokine and neural membranes. In addition, the delayed effect of IL-1 beta on neurotransmitter release appears to be due to the release of endogenous IL-1, most likely from macrophage-like cells in the myenteric plexus (Fig. 3). If such cells possess receptors for neuropeptides, as has been found with macrophages elsewhere in the gut, a neuroimmune axis would exist in the myenteric plexus. Thus, the finding of a source of IL-1 in the plexus of the noninflamed intestine invites speculation on a neuromodulatory role of the cytokine within the enteric nervous system.

关键词：细胞因子类/药理学肠炎/代谢白细胞介素1受体拮抗蛋白质白细胞介素1/药理学肠/神经支配神经递质药/分析神经递质药/代谢唾液糖蛋白类/药理学 P物质/分析动物人类

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COMPARATIVE FORMALDEHYDE-INDUCED AND GLYOXYLIC ACID-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTRINSIC ADRENERGIC-INNERVATION OF INTESTINE AND LIVER OF NORMAL AND VAGOTOMIZED CATS

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ACTA HISTOCHEMICA 1978年第2期62卷 188-199页

作者： KYOSOLA, K UNIV HELSINKI CENT HOSP DEPT THORAC SURG SF-00290 HELSINKI 29 FINLAND

The intrinsic adrenergic nervous apparatus of the intestine and liver of the cat was studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence histochemical method and the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method for serial microtome sections and whole mount tissue layers or smear preparations. The effect of total abdominal infra-diaphragmatic vagotomy with or without associated Finney-type gastro-duodenostomy and unilateral (left or right) and bilateral cervical vagotomy with or without tracheostomy on the intrinsic adrenergic innervation were tested. Fluorescing varicose axons, both free (i.e., unrelated to the blood vessels) and gathered to typical perivascular nerve plexuses were observed in all segments and all layers of the wall of the intestine. The density of the adrenergic innervation varied remarkably from an area to another, even in the same segment and tissue layer. This makes comparative estimations of the density of the innervation very difficult. The intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle layer of the colon and the rectum seems to be consistently quite rich;also the longitudinal muscle layer in the rectum is relatively heavily innervated. The direct adrenergic innervation of the external smooth muscle layers apparently is of considerable importance, especially in the rectum. The liver parenchyma is devoid of functional intrinsic adrenergic innervation. Vagotomies did not cause any changes in the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the intestine and liver;even after complete vagotomy no reduction was observed in the number of fluorescing axons or in the intensity of the fluorescence. The vagal contribution of adrenergic axons to the liver and the intestine must be negligible. The glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method and whole-mount tissue layers were found most suitable for mapping and comparative estimation of the density of the intrinsic adrenergic nerve net.

关键词：肾上腺素能纤维/解剖学和组织学轴突甲醛乙醛酸盐类组织细胞化学/方法肠/神经支配肝/神经支配迷走神经切断术动物猫

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ARE THERE SOMATOSTATIN-CONTAINING NERVES IN RAT GUT - IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR A NEW TYPE OF PERIPHERAL-NERVES

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EXPERIENTIA 1975年第7期31卷 852-854页

作者： HOKFELT, T JOHANSSON, O EFENDIC, S LUFT, R ARIMURA, A KAROLINSKA INST DEPT HISTOLSTOCKHOLMSWEDEN KAROLINSKA HOSP DEPT ENDOCRINOL & METABS-104 01 STOCKHOLMSWEDEN TULANE UNIV SCH MEDNEW ORLEANSLA VET ADM HOSP NEW ORLEANSLA

Antibodies to somatostatin, a recently isolated hypothalamic peptide inhibiting growth hormone release, were used in immunohistochemical studies on the gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin containing cells in the stomach, and somatostatin-containing nerves in the small and large intestine, could be demonstrated. These findings give evidence of a new type of nerve in the gut.

关键词：荧光抗体技术肠/分析肠/神经支配周围神经/分析生长抑素/分析生长抑素/免疫学胃/分析胃/神经支配动物男(雄)性大鼠

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