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IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society General Meeting (PESGM)

作者： Kim, Hyeongig Yoon, Yong-Tae Seoul Natl Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781509041688

The optimal planning and operation of integrated energy systems have more economic and environmental advantages than individually optimized systems because of the increasing interdependency between different energy systems. A combined heat and power generation system (CHP) generates electricity and heat simultaneously and is expected to play a key role in both power systems and heat supply systems. An average variable cost (AVC) has been used in planning problems to determine the optimal capacity of generators, boilers, and CHPs. The AVC is calculated from historical data without considering operating points which are affected by demand characteristics. In addition, in the process of calculating AVCs, the heat output of CHPs is neglected and only the power output is considered. In this paper, an AVC calculation method is proposed for the planning problem of a cogeneration system. We suggest a two-dimensional linearized variable cost model to calculate the AVCs simpler and formulate a scheduling problem including the suggested model as mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The problem is solved by general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and the results are used for calculating AVCs not only in power but also in heat part. Demand patterns in Korea are used to find the operation points of CHP and AVCs.

关键词： average variable cost CHP Cogeneration characteristic Integrated energy system

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A NOTE ON THRESHOLD FACTOR LEVEL(S) AND STONE-GEARY TECHNOLOGY

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Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 2015年第4期47卷 482-493页

作者： BRUCE R. BEATTIE SATHEESH ARADHYULA Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona

This article proposes the parsimonious Stone-Geary utility function from consumer choice theory as a production function model. The viability of the threshold input idea is empirically demonstrated for irrigation water (and in the case of nitrogen, a “gratis” threshold) using two field trials from the famous Hexem-Heady data sets. The implications of the Stone-Geary model for tractable U-shaped average variable cost and for factor demand and product supply are explored.

关键词： average variable cost Stone-Geary production function threshold input requirement D24 A22 A23

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Water loss: The North American dataset

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JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 2013年第6期105卷 57-60页

作者： Chastain-Howley, Andrew Kunkel, George Jernigan, Will Sayers, David Div Black & Veatch Ft Worth TX USA Water Efficiency Cavanaugh & Associates Asheville NC USA Delaware River Basin Commiss West Trenton Informat Technol & Water Use Sect Trenton NJ USA

An initiative to better understand water loss, establish benchmarks, and determine trends aims to help North American water utilities improve loss-control efficiency and bolster their bottom line. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

关键词： Water loss Water utilities Datasets average variable cost Computer software Subcommittees Auditing standards Utilities costs Marginal costs

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On how to be unpredictable: Evidence from the voluntary task-switching paradigm

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PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2006年第9期17卷 774-780页

作者： Mayr, Ulrich Bell, Theodor Univ Oregon Dept Psychol Eugene OR 97403 USA

The voluntary task-switching paradigm requires subjects to select randomly between tasks and promises to provide a window into executive task selection independent of exogenous influences present in standard task-switching situations. We show here that the degree to which subjects perseverate on tasks across trials captures unique individual differences variance, but also that the switch rate is under strong stimulus-driven control: "Voluntary" switches are much more frequent when the stimulus changes than when it repeats. Most important, we show that individuals whose no-switch trials are selectively slowed exhibit less perseveration and stimulus-driven effects (and thus more voluntary selection) than individuals whose no-switch trials do not show this slowing. We suggest that selective slowing indicates a strategy of treating trials as discrete events-possibly through inhibition of the preceding task set. These results not only demonstrate massive nonvoluntary influences on voluntary selection that are largely untapped by standard task-switching measures, but also show how such influences can be counteracted through strategic adaptations.

关键词： average variable cost variable costs Random allocation Conceptual frameworks Experimental psychology Information standards Bells Confidence interval cost functions Memory

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Is learning by exporting important? Micro-dynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco

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QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 1998年第3期113卷 903-947页

作者： Clerides, SK Lach, S Tybout, JR Hebrew Univ Jerusalem IL-91905 Jerusalem Israel Natl Bur Econ Res Cambridge MA 02138 USA Georgetown Univ Washington DC 20057 USA

Do firms become more efficient after becoming exporters? Do exporters generate positive externalities for domestically oriented producers? In this paper we tackle these questions by analyzing the causal links between exporting and productivity using plant-level data. We look for evidence that firms' cost processes change after they break into foreign markets. We find that relatively efficient firms become exporters;however, in most industries, firms' costs are not affected by previous exporting activities. So the well-documented positive association between exporting and efficiency is explained by the self-selection of the more efficient firms into the export market. We also find some evidence of positive regional externalities.

关键词： Exporters average variable cost Productivity cost functions variable costs cost estimates Marginal costs Capital costs Industrial plants

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PRICE PREDATION - LEGAL LIMITS AND ANTITRUST CONSIDERATIONS

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JOURNAL OF PUBLIC POLICY & MARKETING 1995年第2期14卷 278-289页

作者： GUNDLACH, GT UNIV NOTRE DAME DEPT MKTNOTRE DAMEIN 46556 USA

Competition centered strategies in the form of predatory pricing directed toward weakening or destroying a competitor are receiving increasing emphasis in the Courts and among antitrust theorists and policymakers. Recently, the Supreme Court found little evidence of antitrust injury extending from price predation in the case of Brooke Group v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (1993). The author examines the current legal standard for predatory pricing and juxtaposes it against emerging insights on this competitive practice.

关键词： Predatory pricing Antitrust Marketing Ecological competition Market prices Predators average variable cost Economic competition Economic analysis

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PLANNING A DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM FLUSHING PROGRAM

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JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 1993年第7期85卷 89-94页

作者： CHADDERTON, RA CHRISTENSEN, GL HENRYUNRATH, P DAMES & MOORE STAFF ENGNWILLOW GROVEPA 19090

The main objective of flushing distribution systems is to improve water quality and service. Flushing programs preserve and improve water quality and control bacterial growth. An effective flushing program anticipates and prevents water quality problems and customer complaints. The fundamental mechanics of flushing are well defined, but little has been known about how to evaluate or optimize the effectiveness of flushing programs. More than half the utilities surveyed for this article have flushing programs and use customer complaints to locate problems in die distribution system. A spreadsheet was used to order areas within a distribution system by flushing priority on the basis of complaint data. Each area could be flushed in anticipation of the peak of complaints. A general planning method or protocol was developed to assist with program organization and analysis. A review of a flushing program conducted by the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company is included.

关键词： Water quality Customer complaints Turbidity Correlations Chlorine Water utilities Odors Capital costs Production costs average variable cost

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A MICRO-ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF CAPITAL UTILIZATION AND RETIREMENT - THE CASE OF THE UNITED-STATES CEMENT INDUSTRY

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REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES 1992年第2期59卷 277-297页

作者： DAS, S INDIANA UNIV BLOOMINGTONIN 47401 USA

The paper presents a micro-econometric model of capital utilization and retirement. Estimates of a firm's discrete decision problem with regard to an existing piece of capital-whether to operate, hold idle or retire it-are obtained, in the context of the U.S. cement industry, by solving a discrete-choice stochastic dynamic programming model. The estimates are then used to simulate the effects of product and input price changes, and changes in the size and age of a cement kiln on a firm's propensity to operate, hold idle and retire a kiln.

关键词： Kilns Cements Age Dynamic modeling average variable cost Fixed costs Mathematical independent variables Dynamic programming Programming models Maximum likelihood estimation

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cost OF PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ANALYZING TRADE AND COMPETITIVENESS

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 1990年第5期72卷 1278-1282页

作者： SHARPLES, JA US ECON RES SERV WASHINGTONDC 20250 USA

Examines measures of agricultural costs and productivity to provide a better understanding of international trade and competitiveness. Basic concepts of international competitiveness; cost estimates and the supply cur... 详细信息

关键词： Capital costs Competitiveness cost estimates Production costs Supply curves Wheat Farm exports Marketing average variable cost

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costS AND GOALS OF THE MULTIPRODUCT FIRM

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MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS 1988年第4期9卷 279-281页

作者： LADD, GW IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL DEPT ECONAMESIA 50011 USA

Investigates the optimal pricing and production decisions of multiproduct firms using Hill's model. Role of fixed and variable costs in the decision making process; Profit maximization by losing money on one produ... 详细信息

关键词： Capital costs Production costs Fixed costs Marginal costs Revenue Economic decision rule variable costs average variable cost Opportunity costs Prices

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