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SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology 2012年第9781461435907期 1-4页

作者： Lyczkowski, Robert W. Podolski, Walter F. Bouillard, Jacques X. Folga, Stephen M. Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue ArgonneIL60439 United States INERIS Parc Technologique ALATA BP 2 Verneuil-en-Halatte60550 France

Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) is an established means of burning high-sulfur coal and various other difficult-to-burn feedstocks in an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable manner, notwithstanding the wear or wastage of in-bed components, such as tube bundles and water wall enclosures, observed in many units. © 2012, The Author(s).

关键词： Circulating fluidized beds computer models Corrosion Design parameters Erosion Fluidized-bed combustion Hydrodynamics Metal wastage Operating parameters

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Analysis and comparison of morphological reconstructions of hippocampal field CA1 pyramidal cells

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HIPPOCAMPUS 2005年第3期15卷 302-315页

作者： Ambros-Ingerson, J Holmes, WR Ohio Univ Dept Biol Sci Neurosci Program Athens OH 45701 USA

Morphological reconstructions have become a routine and valuable tool for neuroscientists. The accuracy of reconstructions is a matter of considerable interest given that they are widely used in computational studies of neural function. Despite their wide usage, comparisons of reconstructions obtained using various methodologies are lacking. We reviewed reconstructions of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells from five published studies and found marked differences in some of the most basic measurements. For four of the five studies means of total cell length clustered in the 11,479-13,417-mu m range. The remaining study had a significantly larger value for this index at 16,992 +/- 5,788 mu m. Surface area means varied more than 4-fold from 16,074 to 67,102 mu m(2). Volume means varied more than 8-fold from 3,828 to 30,384 mu m(3). Simulated passive input resistance means varied from 38.0 to 172.1 M Omega, reflecting the variability in cell dimensions. Estimates of the electrotonic length varied from 1.26 to 1.56. In two reconstructions used in previously published studies, simulated somatic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) varied 2-4-fold in amplitude, time to peak and half-width, for synaptic inputs at similar locations. Substantial jitter on the z-axis was identified as one likely source of the discrepancy in total cell length, while substantial differences in diameter measurements across studies, and sometimes within the same study, accounted for the variability in surface area and volume. While some part of the observed variability is surely due to the diversity of CA1 pyramidal cells, our analysis suggests that a substantial portion stemmed from methodological inconsistencies and from technological limitations. Suggestions are made for improving the quality and usefulness of morphological reconstructions. We conclude that reconstructions across studies have substantial variability in measures that are very relevant to neuronal function. Consequently, model

关键词： hippocampus biophysics electrophysiology neurophysiology computer models

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The distribution of cartilage thickness within the joints of the lower limb of elderly individuals

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JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1998年第2期193卷 203-214页

作者： Adam, C Eckstein, F Milz, S Putz, R Univ Munich Anat Anstalt D-80336 Munich Germany

The objective of this study was to investigate the normal distribution of cartilage thickness in the major joints of the lower limb in elderly individuals. A 12.5 MHz ultrasound transducer was used to measure the cartilage thickness in the right and left hip, knee and ankle joint of 10 individuals aged between 62 and 99 y. Distribution patterns of cartilage thickness were derived by b-spline interpolation and the average distribution computed in each surface. The maximum cartilage thickness in the hip joint was 2.6 (+/-0.36) mm and the mean thickness 1.3 (+/-0.17) mm. The CV% (a measure of thickness inhomogeneity within the joint surface) was 32 %. In the knee, the maximal and mean values were 3.8 (+/-0.46) mm and 1.9 mm (+/-0.24) mm, respectively (CV % =34 %), and in the ankle 1.7 (+/-0.25) mm and 1.0 (+/-0.16) mm (CV % =32 %). Systematic differences existed between both sides in the knee, the distal femur showing a significantly greater thickness on the right. While the mean and maximal thicknesses were systematically higher in the knee than in the hip, and in the hip higher than in the ankle (P < 0.05), there were no systematic differences in the thickness inhomogeneity of;the 3 joints. Only the malleolus showed a somewhat more uniform thickness than the other joint surfaces. The variablity between individuals was similar for all joints for mean thickness, but the interindividual variability of the maximal thickness values was highest in the knee and lowest in the ankle. Whereas the cartilage thickness distributions in the joints of the lower limb have been suggested to reflect the pressure distribution within the articular surface, the absolute thickness is proposed to be a function of dynamic loading (range of motion) during gait, rather than being a reflection of the static articular pressure.

关键词： articular cartilage hip joint knee joint ankle joint ageing ultrasound functional adaptation computer models biomechanics

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RANK CORRELATION PLOTS FOR USE WITH CORRELATED INPUT VARIABLES

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COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS PART B-SIMULATION AND COMPUTATION 1982年第3期11卷 335-360页

作者： IMAN, RL DAVENPORT, JM TEXAS TECH UNIV LUBBOCKTX 79409

A method for inducing a desired rank correlation matrix on multivariate input vectors for simulation studies has recently been developed by Iman and Conover (1982). The primary intention of this procedure is to produce correlated input variables for use with computer models. Since this procedure is distribution free and allows the exact marginal distributions to remain intact it can be used with any marginal distributions for which it is reasonable to think in terms of correlation. In this paper we present a series of rank correlation plots based on this procedure when the marginal distributions are normal, lognormal, uniform and loguniform. These plots provide a convenient tool both for aiding the modeler in determining the degree of dependence among input variables (rather than guessing) and for communicating with the modeler the effect of different correlation assumptions. In addition this procedure can be used with sample multivariate data by sampling directly from the respective marginal empirical distribution functions. © 1982, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

关键词： computer models dependence distribution free rank correlation

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Field experiments to evaluate lighting performance in nighttime highway construction

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CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS 2006年第6期24卷 591-601页

作者： Hyari, Khalied El-Rayes, Khaled Hashemite Univ Dept Civil Engn Zarqa 13115 Jordan Univ Illinois Dept Civil & Environm Engn Urbana IL 61801 USA

The utilisation of nighttime highway construction has increased in recent years in order to minimise daytime construction-related service disruptions and traffic congestion. In this type of nighttime construction, lighting arrangements need to be properly designed and implemented in order to enhance safety and productivity on site, and ensure full compliance with the required lighting specifications. A number of field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of various lighting arrangements in three typical highway construction zones, namely: activity area, transition and termination areas and flagger stations. In each of these zones, a number of practical lighting arrangements were found to be capable of satisfying all the lighting design criteria required by various Departments of Transportation. The experimental results also confirm that the set-up of lighting equipment on site has a significant impact on lighting performance, and therefore lighting arrangements should be carefully designed and executed on nighttime highway construction projects.

关键词： Highway construction workspace nighttime construction computer models light

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Latent and Emergent models in Affective Computing

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EMOTION REVIEW 2010年第3期2卷 288-289页

作者： Calvo, Rafael A. Univ Sydney Sch Elect & Informat Engn Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

New research on affective computing aiming to develop computer systems that recognize and respond to affective states can also contribute to the issues raised by Coan. Research on how humans interact with computers, and computer models that automatically recognize affective states from features in our physiology, behaviour, and language, may provide insights on how emotions that are experienced and expressed come to be. For example, there is empirical evidence that affect recognition techniques using several modalities are more accurate than those using a single modality, but it is not clear if these improvements are caused by superadditivity (i.e., emergence) or redundancy.

关键词： affective computing affective states computer models

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Galaxy Formation: a Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis

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BAYESIAN ANALYSIS 2010年第4期5卷 619-669页

作者： Vernon, Ian Goldstein, Michael Bower, Richard G. Univ Durham Sci Labs Dept Math Sci Durham DH1 3LE England Univ Durham Sci Labs Dept Phys Durham DH1 3LE England

In many scientific disciplines complex computer models are used to understand the behaviour of large scale physical systems. An uncertainty analysis of such a computer model known as Galform is presented. Galform models the creation an devolution of approximately one million galaxies from the beginning of the Universe until the current day, an disregarded as a state-of-the-art model within the cosmology community. It requires the specification of many input parameters in order to run the simulation, takes significant time to run, and provides various outputs that can be compared with real world data. A Bayes Linear approach is presented in order to identify the subset of the input space that could give rise to acceptable matches between model output and measured data. This approach takes account of the major sources of uncertainty in a consistent and unified manner, including input parameter uncertainty, function uncertainty, observational error, forcing function uncertainty and structural uncertainty. The approach is known as History Matching, and involves the use of an iterative succession of emulators (stochastic belief specifications detailing beliefs about the Galform function), which are used to cut down the input parameter space. The analysis was successful inproducing a large collection of model evaluations that exhibit good fits to the observed data.

关键词： computer models uncertainty analysis model discrepancy history matching Bayes linear analysis galaxy formation galform

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HEAT-STRESS IN PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - INTERACTIONS AMONG PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

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SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 1989年第SUPPL. 1期15卷 52-57页

作者： NUNNELEY, SA USAFSAM/VNC Brooks AFB San Antonio TX 78235 United States

Data from experiments on animals and humans have supported the development of computer models that predict human response to various combinations of the three main heat stress factors work, clothing, and environment. However, recent application of such models shows that the validity of their output is limited in part by the need to represent more faithfully the interactions among the primary heat stress factors and certain physiological variables. Examples of such interactions include the weight and stiffness of protective outfits increasing the metabolic cost of a task, profuse sweating that wets clothing and alters its heat transfer characteristics, task-related movements altering air exchange rates through clothing, individual aerobic capacity affecting thermoregulatory response to a given metabolic load, and sweat retention in clothing raising skin wettedness and possibly inducing sweat suppression. This paper reviews recent research in these areas and identifies certain areas where further data are needed.

关键词： Clothing computer models Sweat Thermal stress Work

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computer-controlled heart rate increase by isoproterenol infusion: mathematical modeling of the system

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY 1999年第4期277卷 H1478-H1483页

作者： Leor-Librach, RJ Bobrovsky, BZ Eliash, S Kaplinsky, E Chaim Sheba Med Ctr Inst Heart IL-52621 Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan Israel Tel Aviv Univ Dept Elect Engn Syst IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel Tel Aviv Univ Sackler Sch Med Dept Physiol IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel

The purpose of this study was mathematical modeling of the heart rate (HR) response to isoproterenol (Iso) infusion. We developed a computerized system for the controlled increase of HR by Iso, based on a modified proportional-integral controller. HR was measured in conscious, freely moving rats. We found that the steady-state HR can be described as a hyperbolic power function of the steady-state Iso flow rate. This dependence was coupled with a first-order difference equation to form a pharmacodynamic model that reliably describes the relationship between HR and Iso flow for any arbitrary form of Iso flow function. In simulation studies, we showed that the model continued to follow the HR curve from real-time experiments far beyond the initial "learning interval" from which its parameters were calculated. Our results suggest that the predictive ability and the simplicity of calculating the parameters render this pharmacodynamic model appropriate for use within future advanced, model-based, adaptive control systems and as a part of larger cardiovascular models.

关键词： pharmacodynamics mathematical model computer models computer simulation

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Odour Transduction in Olfactory Receptor Neurons

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2010年第6期53卷 364-372页

作者： Rospars, Jean-Pierre Gu, Yuqiao Gremiaux, Alexandre Lucas, Philippe INRA UMR Physiol Insecte Signalisat & Commun 1272 F-78000 Versailles France

The molecular mechanisms that control the binding of odorant to olfactory receptors and transduce this signal into membrane depolarization are reviewed. They are compared in vertebrates and insects for interspecific (allelochemicals) and intraspecific (pheromones) olfactory signals. Attempts to develop quantitative models of these multistage signalling networks are presented. Computational analysis of olfactory transduction is still in its infancy and appears as a promising area for future developments.

关键词： olfactory receptors ionic channels OBPs pheromones computer models

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