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MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING 1987年第4-5期20卷 249-269页

作者： SHEN, JP TOMAS, SP CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGNPITTSBURGHPA 15213

This paper presents a new concept of on-line control flow monitoring called Roving Monitoring. This technique utilizes a special purpose roving monitoring processor in order to provide continuous and concurrent checking of instruction level control flow in multiple processor systems. The roving monitoring processor is time shared among several application processors to reduce overall monitoring overhead. The design and implementation of a roving monitoring processor with a novel architecture is presented. The roving monitoring concept is shown to be quite feasible.

关键词： Fault Detection On-Line Monitoring Multiple Processor Systems Roving Monitoring control flow checking

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VERIFICATION OF CONCURRENT control flow IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER-SYSTEMS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1988年第4期14卷 405-417页

作者： YAU, SS HONG, WM Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201

An approach to verifying control flow in distributed computer systems (DCS) is presented. The approach is based on control flow checking among software components distributed over processors and cooperating among them. In this approach, control flow behavior of DCS software is modeled and contained in special software components called verifiers. The verifiers are distributed over the processors and consulted to check the correctness of the control flow in DCS soft- ware during its execution. Algorithms for deriving the verifiers are presented. This technique can detect global errors including synchronization errors as well as local errors. It can be used for sequential or concurrent software at various levels of details. Experiments show that using this technique requires no significant overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： control flow checking distributed software fault-tolerance Index Terms-Context-free grammar software design representation

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On-line control flow error detection using relationship signatures among basic blocks

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COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2010年第1期36卷 132-141页

作者： Li, Aiguo Hong, Bingrong Bldg Sci Grp Co Ltd Shanghai Res Inst Dept Bldg Innovat Technol Shanghai 200032 Peoples R China Harbin Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Harbin 150001 Peoples R China

Computer systems operating in space environment are subject to different radiation phenomena, whose effects may lead to a control flow fault occurring in software system, which can cause unpredictable behaviors of computer-based systems. According to the specialty of space environment, We propose a technique called RSCFC (Relationship Signatures for control flow checking) which is based on the partition of programs into basic blocks. Firstly, it exploits the relationship among the blocks, then assigns a signature, into which the relationship is coded, to each basic block. control flow faults are detected through taking AND operation between the run-time signature and the location info of the current block with extra instructions induced at the beginning and the end of each block. A fault injection experiment was performed with several C benchmark programs. The result suggests that about 33% (20.7-68.8%) of the injected branching faults produced undetected incorrect outputs without RSCFC;however, with RSCFC, the above number declines to 11% (2.8-20.4%). Compared with previous techniques, RSCFC has the characteristics of both high fault coverage and low memory and performance overhead. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： control flow checking Software error detection Fault injection On-line fault detection

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Design and evaluation of system-level checks for on-line control flow error detection

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1999年第6期10卷 627-641页

作者： Alkhalifa, Z Nair, VSS Krishnamurthy, N Abraham, JA So Methodist Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dallas TX 75275 USA Motorola PowerPC Design Ctr Austin TX USA Univ Texas Comp Engn Res Ctr Austin TX 78712 USA

This paper evaluates the concurrent error detection capabilities of system-level checks, using fault and error injection. The checks comprise application and system level mechanisms to detect control flow errors. We propose Enhanced control-flow checking Using Assertions (ECCA). In ECCA, branch-free intervals (BFI) in a given high or intermediate level program are identified and the entry and exit points of the intervals are determined. BFIs are then grouped into blocks, the size of which is determined through a performance/overhead analysis. The blocks are then fortified with preinserted assertions. For the high level ECCA, we describe an implementation of ECCA through a preprocessor that will automatically insert the necessary assertions into the program. Then, we describe the intermediate implementation possible through modifications made on gee to make it ECCA capable. The fault detection capabilities of the checks are evaluated both analytically and experimentally. Fault injection experiments are conducted using FERRARI [1] to determine the fault coverage of the proposed techniques.

关键词： control flow checking assertions fault injection coverage latency

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Intelligent fault-tolerant control for swing-arm system in the space-borne spectrograph

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2012年 73卷 67-75页

作者： Shi, Yufeng Zhou, Chunjie Huang, Xiongfeng Yin, Quan Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Control Sci & Engn Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China

Fault-tolerant control (FTC) for the space-borne equipments is very important in the engineering design. This paper presents a two-layer intelligent FTC approach to handle the speed stability problem in the swing-arm system suffering from various faults in space. This approach provides the reliable FTC at the performance level, and improves the control flow error detection capability at the code level. The faults degrading the system performance are detected by the performance-based fault detection mechanism. The detected faults are categorized as the anticipated faults and unanticipated faults by the fault bank. Neural network is used as an on-line estimator to approximate the unanticipated faults. The compensation control and intelligent integral sliding mode control are employed to accommodate two types of faults at the performance level, respectively. To guarantee the reliability of the FTC at the code level, the key parts of the program codes are modified by control flow checking by software signatures (CFCSS) to detect the control flow errors caused by the single event upset. Meanwhile, some of the undetected control flow errors can be detected by the FTC at the performance level. The FTC for the anticipated fault and unanticipated fault are verified in Synopsys Saber, and the detection of control flow error is tested in the DSP controller. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the novel FTC approach. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Transient fault Fault-tolerant control Single event upset control flow checking Sliding mode control

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Online Test of control flow Errors: A New Debug Interface-Based Approach

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2016年第6期65卷 1846-1855页

作者： Du, Boyang Reorda, Matteo Sonza Sterpone, Luca Parra, Luis Portela-Garcia, Marta Lindoso, Almudena Entrena, Luis Politecn Torino Dept Control & Comp Engn I-10129 Turin Italy Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Elect Technol Madrid 28911 Spain

Detecting the effects of transient faults is a key point in many processor-based safety-critical applications. This paper proposes to adopt the debug interface module existing today in several processors/controllers available on the market. In this way, we can achieve a good detection capability and small latency with respect to control flow errors, while the cost for adopting the proposed technique is rather limited and does not involve any change either in the processor hardware or in the application software. The method works even if the processor uses caches and we experimentally evaluated its characteristics demonstrating the advantages and showing the limitations on two pipelined processors. Experimental results performed by fault injection using different software applications demonstrate that the method is able to archieve high fault coverage (more than 95 percent in nearly all the considered cases) with a limited cost in terms of area and performance degradation.

关键词： control flow checking debug interface on-line test

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Hacking the control flow Error Detection Mechanism 2

Hacking the Control Flow Error Detection Mechanism

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2nd IEEE International Verification and Security Workshop (IVSW)

作者： Di Natale, Giorgio Flottes, Marie-Lise Dupuis, Sophie Rouzeyre, Bruno Univ Montpellier CNRS UMR 5506 LIRMM Montpellier France

ISBN: (纸本)9781538617083

Many techniques have been proposed in literature to cope with transient, permanent and malicious faults in computing systems. Among these techniques for reliability improvement and fault tolerance, control flow checking allows covering any fault affecting the part of the storing elements containing the executable program, as well as all the hardware components handling the program itself and its flow. In [1] the authors proposed a low-overhead solution implementing hardware based control flow monitoring technique. They suggested that control flow error detection could be also used as a solution for enhancing the security of a computing system, preventing the insertion of malicious code in an application. In this paper we present a technique to map a malicious program into another one without structure violation and thus bypassing the control flow detection method.

关键词： control flow checking Trojan at Software Level

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Exploiting the debug interface to support on-line test of control flow Errors

Exploiting the debug interface to support on-line test of Co...

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IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)

作者： Du, B. Reorda, M. Sonza Sterpone, L. Parra, L. Portela-Garcia, M. Lindoso, A. Entrena, L. Politecn Torino Dipartimento Automat & Informat I-10129 Turin Italy Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Elect Technol Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781479906642

Detecting the effects of transient faults is a key point in many safety-critical applications. This paper explores the possibility of using for this purpose the debug interface existing today in several processors/controllers on the market. In this way one can achieve a good detection capability with respect to control flow errors with very small latency, while the cost for adopting the proposed technique is rather limited and does not involve any change either in the processor hardware or in the application software. The method works even if the processor uses caches. Experimental results are reported, showing both the advantages and the costs of the method.

关键词： on-line test debug interface control flow checking

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Low Cost control flow Protection Using Abstract control Signatures

Low Cost Control Flow Protection Using Abstract Control Sign...

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14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers and Tools for Embedded Systems

作者： Khudia, Daya Shanker Mahlke, Scott Univ Michigan Adv Comp Architecture Lab Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320856

The continual trend of shrinking feature sizes and reducing voltage levels makes transistors faster and more efficient. However, it also makes them more susceptible to transient hardware faults. Transient faults due to high energy particle strikes or circuit crosstalk can corrupt the output of a program or cause it to crash. Previous studies have reported that as much as 70% of the transient faults disturb program control flow, making it critical to protect control flow. Traditional approaches employ signatures to check that every control flow transfer in a program is valid. While having high fault coverage, large performance overheads are introduced by such detailed checking. We propose a coarse-grain control flow checking method to detect transient faults in a cost effective way. Our software-only approach is centered on the principle of abstraction: control flow that exhibits simple run-time properties (e.g., proper path length) is almost always completely correct. Our solution targets off-the-shelf commodity embedded systems to provide a low cost protection against transient faults. The proposed technique achieves its efficiency by simplifying signature calculations in each basic block and by performing checking at a coarse-grain level. The coarse-grain signature comparison points are obtained by the use of a region based analysis. In addition, we propose a technique to protect control flow transfers via call and return instructions to ensure all control flow is covered by our technique. Overall, our proposed technique has an average of 11% performance overhead in comparison to 75% performance overhead of previously proposed signature based techniques while maintaining approximately the same degree of fault coverage.

关键词： Experimentation Reliability Soft Errors control flow checking Fault Injection

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A Hybrid-based Error Detection Technique for PLC-based Industrial control Systems 20

A Hybrid-based Error Detection Technique for PLC-based Indus...

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20th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Rajabpour, Navid Sedaghat, Yasser Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Dept Comp Engn Dependable Distributed Embedded Syst DDEmS Lab Mashhad Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781467379298

Nowadays, Industrial control Systems (ICSs) are employed to monitor and control safety-critical industrial processes. A Supervisory control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an ICS to perform centralized monitoring and also to control field sites in long-distance communication networks. A SCADA is a distributed system composed of several Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit (MTU). RTUs interface with field sensors, local control devices, and field actuators, and the MTU gathers data from RTUs, provides an operator interface to display information, and controls remote sites. RTUs are typically connected to the MTU through a client/server network. Since RTUs operate commonly in a harsh industrial environment, fault tolerance is a key requirement, especially for safety-critical industrial processes. Studies show that a significant number of transient faults caused by a harsh environment lead to control flow errors in the RTU's processors. A control flow checking technique, called PLC-CFC, has been proposed to detect control flow errors in several RTUs in a SCADA system. The proposed technique can be applied to all ICSs which employ microcontrollers, microprocessors, PLCs, or personal computers as their RTUs. The proposed technique has been experimentally evaluated on a real ICS consists of some PLC devices and a main server. For experimental evaluation, 30,000 faults were injected on distributed system and the PLC-CFC technique detected more than 96.76% of the injected faults. The performance and the memory overheads of the technique are about 18.12% and 16.17% on average, respectively.

关键词： Industrial control System SCADA RTU Fault Tolerance control flow checking Fault Injection PLC

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