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Impacts of EU Sanctions Levied in 2014 on Individual European Countries' Exports to Russia: Winners and Losers

EASTERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL 2024年第2期50卷 154-194页

作者： Bali, Morad Nguyen, Thanh T. Pratson, Lincoln f. Duke Univ Nicholas Sch Environm Durham NC 27708 USA Leibniz Univ Hannover Fac Econ & Management Hannover Germany

We analyse the effects of sanctions implemented by the European Union against Russia following the latter's annexation of Crimea in 2014. Indirect effects of sanctions on its non-prohibited exports to Russia are examined using a gravity model of trade that includes a time varying sanction index. A per country analysis is also incorporated to increase the granularity of the results. We find that sanctions led to a decrease in exports of non-prohibited products from certain European countries (i.e., the "losers") while increasing such exports from others (i.e., the "winners"), an outcome that qualifies as an "unintended consequence" of the sanctions.

关键词： Economic sanctions Sanction index Gravity model Russia European union f C1 C51

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The Early Modern Attack on Teleology and the Politics of Contemporary Psychology: Intellectual Roots of Current Dilemmas

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HUMAN ARENAS 2024年第1期7卷 15-29页

作者： Paterson, Riley Self Space Seattle Seattle WA 98121 USA

The paper takes up the relationship between teleological explanation and psychology. Teleological explanation-given in terms of purpose, intention, and value-is generally viewed unfavorably in psychology and science broadly. Biophysical mechanistic explanations are generally regarded as more scientific. The paper argues that the contemporary hostility to teleology needs to be understood in the context of the early modern political-philosophical struggles against organized religion. European philosophers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw that teleology was an essential part of how organized religion justified its political power. Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are analyzed as philosophers who both attacked teleology, and contributed to the critique of organized religion. The early modern attack on teleology and the development of mechanistic science thus both had political as well as philosophical motivations. The tension between teleological and mechanistic explanation is shown to persist into the present, with the work of Carl Rogers and B.f. Skinner used as more recent examples. Rogers argued that humanistic psychology required a teleological understanding of both human and cosmic processes, whereas Skinner staunchly denied the reality of teleology and unfailingly championed behavioral, mechanistic science. Both Rogers' and Skinner's claims, moreover, can be traced to the early modern attack on teleology. It is then shown that contemporary research continues to grapple with the question of teleology. More specifically, the paper claims that contemporary writing fails to distinguish adequately between extrinsic and intrinsic teleology. The paper concludes advocating for a serious reckoning with the problem of teleology, and claims it is essential for genuinely scientific psychology.

关键词： Humanistic psychology Behaviorism Teleology Carl Rogers B f Skinner

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Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early-stage infection by fasciola hepatica

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AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL 2023年第9期101卷 334-338页

作者： Marendy, D. Gabor, L. George, S. D. Parker, A. Doyle, E. Univ New England Sch Environm & Rural Sci Armidale NSW Australia Elanco Australasia Yarrandoo R&D Stn Kemps Creek NSW Australia

fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post-infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the changes, if any, to levels of endotoxin in cattle plasma in response to early-stage infection with fasciola hepatica. Thirty-six (36) commercial bred cattle were experimentally infected with approximately 400 viable metacercariae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels were examined on 24 occasions from 0 h before infection to 336 h after infection using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate chromogenic end point assay and compared with that of six (6) uninfected control animals. Peak lipopolysaccharide levels in infected animals were reached at 52 h after infection and returned to pre-infection levels at time 144 h after infection. Infected animals had significantly elevated lipopolysaccharide levels between 24 and 120 h after infection when compared to uninfected animals. The mean change in endotoxin units (EU)/mL over time after infection was statistically significant in infected animals. Elevations of lipopolysaccharide occurred in all infected animals suggesting a possible repeatable and titratable endotoxemia conducive to therapeutic agent model development.

关键词： cattle endotoxin f hepatica fasciolosis lipopolysaccharide migration

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HfO-1234yf as a Cf3 Building Block: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Quinoline and Chromene Derivatives from Trifluoromethyl-ynones

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL Of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2023年第11期26卷 e202300058-e202300058页

作者： Marsh, Thomas G. f. Santambrogio, Alessia Murray, Ben J. Boulton, Lee T. Aguilar, Juan A. Yufit, Dmitry S. Sandford, Graham Brittain, William D. G. Univ Durham Dept Chem South Rd Durham DH1?3LE England GlaxoSmithKline Res & Dev Ltd Med Res Ctr Gunnels Wood Rd Stevenage SG1?2NY Herts England

Trifluoromethyl ynones derived from the refrigerant gas HfO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) react with nucleophiles via a Michael-type addition process and the allenolate intermediate formed reacts intramolecularly with a carbonyl group to form heterocyclic derivatives. Thus, reaction of 2-amino and 2-hydroxyl benzaldehyde or ketone substrates with trifluoromethyl ynone derivatives gives trifluoromethyl quinoline and chromene products by a one-pot tandem ring closing sequence, forming pharmaceutically relevant structures from an inexpensive starting material without the need for transition metals or column chromatography. The 2-trifluoromethylquinoline products also show unusual fluxional behaviour, which was explored through 2-D NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies.

关键词： We thank Durham University Mchem programme for funding to T G f M and A S and GlaxoSmithKline EPSRC for the award of an iCASE studentship to B J M W D G B would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust for an Early Career fellowship (ECf-2020-454 and Durham University)

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The Scholar Priest in the Church of England in the Nineteenth Century

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JOURNAL Of ANGLICAN STUDIES 2024年第1期22卷 67-80页

作者： Jasper, David Univ Glasgow Glasgow Scotland

The Oxford Movement in the 1830s prompted some formidable theological scholarship which profoundly affected the lives and personalities of many Oxford-educated Church of England clergymen, not a few of whom combined deeply scholarly lives with successful parish ministries. This essay examines the lives of two such men, Canon T.f. Simmons, a parish priest in Yorkshire for some thirty years, and Bishop Mandell Creighton, much of whose scholarly writing was produced in a remote Northumberland parish before his return to Cambridge and London. By the end of the century such learned clergymen were becoming a rarity in the Church of England.

关键词： Mandell Creighton Oxford University Oxford Movement parish T f Simmons theological colleges

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Sanctions Effects on Russia: A Possible Sanction Transmission Mechanism?

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL ON CRIMINAL POLICY AND RESEARCH 2024年第2期30卷 229-259页

作者： Bali, Morad Rapelanoro, Nady Pratson, Lincoln f. Duke Univ Nicholas Sch Environm Grainger Hall 9 Circuit Dr Durham NC 27708 USA Cent Bank Madagascar Dept Monetary Operat Antananarivo 101 Madagascar

This study examines the effects of sanctions implemented by the European Union and the United States of America against the Russian federation following the latter's annexation of the Crimea Peninsula and invasion of Eastern Ukraine. The analysis focuses on indirect or spillover effects caused by EU and US sanctions on several macroeconomic variables of the Russian economy. Employing a structural vector autoregressive model, the study uses time-varying sanction indices to simulate sanctions, substituting for binary dummy variables traditionally employed in modelling sanction's implementation. The findings reveal that sanctions have an indirect impact on Russia's GDP through their direct effects on inflation, interest rate, and domestic currency - a notion introduced as "sanction transmission mechanism".

关键词： Ukrainian crisis Economic sanctions Sanction index SVAR Russia Sanction transmission mechanism f C1 C51

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The origin of language in Islam: Status of the question

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ORIENS 2024年第1-2期52卷 57-87页

作者： Amharar, Ilyass Aix Marseille Univ Inst Rech Mondes Arabe & Musulman Aix En Provence France

This paper aims to reconstruct the chronological evolution of the treatment of the question of the origin of language among Muslim scholars, whether theologians, grammarians, or legal theorists, but also in modern scholarship. Because of its many implications, both theological and linguistic (especially on the question of the divine speech, magaz, legal names, or even the evolution of language), the origin of language among Muslim scholars has aroused a keen interest in academic research dealing with the kalam or philology. At first, this interest went hand in hand with a much broader one, which was almost an obsession for many nineteenth-century orientalists, namely the question of origins and the possibility of Hellenistic paternity of the notion. This, like others, will be progressively contested.

关键词： origin language istilah tawq & imacr f as`arism mu`tazilism

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Structure and Phase Composition Study of Heavy Doped with Carbon Thin films of TiO2 : C Deposited by Rf Magnetron Sputtering

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RUSSIAN JOURNAL Of INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022年第10期67卷 1509-1520页

作者： Milenov, T. Terziyska, P. Avdeev, G. Karashanova, D. Georgieva, B. Avramova, I. Genkov, K. Valcheva, E. Bulgarian Acad Sci Acad Emil Djakov Inst Elect Sofia 1784 Bulgaria Bulgarian Acad Sci Georgi Nadjakov Inst Solid State Phys Sofia 1784 Bulgaria Bulgarian Acad Sci Rostislav Kaishev Inst Phys Chem Sofia 1113 Bulgaria Bulgarian Acad Sci Acad Jordan Malinowski Inst Opt Mat & Technol Sofia 1113 Bulgaria Bulgarian Acad Sci Inst Gen & Inorgan Chem Sofia 1113 Bulgaria Sofia Univ St Klinemt Ohridski Sofia 1164 Bulgaria

The aim of the present research is to study some aspects of the carbon doping of TiO2 thin films and the influence of low temperature thermal annealing on the phase precipitation in thin films. Thin films of heavily doped with carbon TiO2 (up to 3 at % C) were deposited on (15 x 25 x 1 mm) glass substrates by r.f. magnetron co-sputtering of TiO2 target and carbon plates on its erosion zone in Ar + air (residual pressure of 0.5 and 0.6 Pa, respectively) atmosphere. Two different process's parameters were varied in different experiments in order to change the carbon content: the total area of the carbon plates which was 30, 84, 132, 400 and 830 mm(2)) and the radial distance between the center of the circle of the erosion zone with maximum rate of sputtering which was 2 and 4 cm. The as-deposited and annealed (air, 400 degrees C, 1h) thin films with thickness of 110-150 nm were studied by ellipsometry, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The GIXRD patterns reveal a mix of amorphous and nanocrystalline anatase and rutile TiO2 phases for all thin films. The Raman study confirms this conclusion but the TEM and GIXRD studies show presence of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline phase based on Ti3C20O14 together with the other phases of TiO2-anatase, rutile and brookite. Similar charcterizations were carried out after annealing at 400 degrees C in air for 60 min and the most prominent effects of thermal treatment are discussed.

关键词： r f magnetron sputtering TiO2 C thin films annealing structural characterization

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Mapping the dynamics of fDI in China: Convergence, divergence, and policy insights within free trade zones and beyond

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JOURNAL Of INTERNATIONAL TRADE & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2024年第4期34卷 894-912页

作者： Zeng, Yujie Cheong, Tsun Se Wojewodzki, Michal Shi, Xing Clark Univ Dept Econ Worcester MA USA Hang Seng Univ Hong Kong Sch Business Dept Econ & Finance Hong Kong Peoples R China Univ Doha Sci & Technol Coll Business 24449 Arab League St Doha Qatar Hefei Univ Technol Sch Econ Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China

The uneven distribution of fDI contributes to inequality in economic development. Most studies on fDI in China use provincial data and parametric tools of analysis while delivering mixed findings regarding fDI's distribution and free trade zones (fTZs) attractiveness. We investigate the convergence and transitional dynamics of relative fDI (RfDI) in China using visual tools of the distribution dynamics approach to a panel of 273 prefectural cities from 2003 to 2019. Convergence-divergence patterns are examined from inter- and intra-regional perspectives and fTZs vis-a-vis non-fTZ cities. In the long run, most entities within each region converge towards different RfDI values (from 0.05 to 0.25), far below the national average equal to one. fDI is the most unevenly distributed within the poorest western region. furthermore, three (two) convergence clubs emerge among the non-fTZ (fTZ) entities around RfDI values of 0.05, 0.6 and 2.7 (2.5 and 10). The results corroborate the New Growth and New Economic Geography theories, indicating an absence of desirable spatial diffusion from affluent 'core' cities and fTZs to 'peripheral' entities outside the fTZs. Additionally, we provide a 'policy priority list' comprising western cities with above (below) average RfDI and the highest propensity to diverge further above (below) the national mean.

关键词： China transitional dynamics convergence foreign direct investment free trade zones f21 f2 f

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Impact of mobile financial services on financial inclusion: empirical insights from Kenya

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International Review of Economics 2024年第3期71卷 633-666页

作者： Warsame, Mohammed Hersi Abdalla, Yousif Abdelbagi University of Sharjah University City Sharjah United Arab Emirates University of Khartoum Khartoum Sudan

This study investigates the impact of demographic factors on the use of mobile money applications in Nairobi County’s Kasarani constituency, a previously underexplored aspect in the context of financial inclusion in Africa. Our cross-sectional analysis reveals that, in contrast to common perceptions, mobile money in East Africa is predominantly used for borrowing loans rather than savings. This finding highlights a distinctive financial behavior in the region. Additionally, the study identifies gender as a key factor influencing the relationship between user satisfaction and continued usage, aligning with the extended post-acceptance model of mobile money application usage. These insights underscore the importance of considering demographic variables in understanding and enhancing mobile money services, thereby contributing to the broader goal of financial inclusion across the continent. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Continuous intention to use f financial inclusion Kenya Mobile money

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