The paper takes up the relationship between teleological explanation and psychology. Teleological explanation-given in terms of purpose, intention, and value-is generally viewed unfavorably in psychology and science b...
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The paper takes up the relationship between teleological explanation and psychology. Teleological explanation-given in terms of purpose, intention, and value-is generally viewed unfavorably in psychology and science broadly. Biophysical mechanistic explanations are generally regarded as more scientific. The paper argues that the contemporary hostility to teleology needs to be understood in the context of the early modern political-philosophical struggles against organized religion. European philosophers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw that teleology was an essential part of how organized religion justified its political power. Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are analyzed as philosophers who both attacked teleology, and contributed to the critique of organized religion. The early modern attack on teleology and the development of mechanistic science thus both had political as well as philosophical motivations. The tension between teleological and mechanistic explanation is shown to persist into the present, with the work of Carl Rogers and B.f. Skinner used as more recent examples. Rogers argued that humanistic psychology required a teleological understanding of both human and cosmic processes, whereas Skinner staunchly denied the reality of teleology and unfailingly championed behavioral, mechanistic science. Both Rogers' and Skinner's claims, moreover, can be traced to the early modern attack on teleology. It is then shown that contemporary research continues to grapple with the question of teleology. More specifically, the paper claims that contemporary writing fails to distinguish adequately between extrinsic and intrinsic teleology. The paper concludes advocating for a serious reckoning with the problem of teleology, and claims it is essential for genuinely scientific psychology.
Trifluoromethyl ynones derived from the refrigerant gas HfO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) react with nucleophiles via a Michael-type addition process and the allenolate intermediate formed reacts intramolecularl...
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Trifluoromethyl ynones derived from the refrigerant gas HfO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) react with nucleophiles via a Michael-type addition process and the allenolate intermediate formed reacts intramolecularly with a carbonyl group to form heterocyclic derivatives. Thus, reaction of 2-amino and 2-hydroxyl benzaldehyde or ketone substrates with trifluoromethyl ynone derivatives gives trifluoromethyl quinoline and chromene products by a one-pot tandem ring closing sequence, forming pharmaceutically relevant structures from an inexpensive starting material without the need for transition metals or column chromatography. The 2-trifluoromethylquinoline products also show unusual fluxional behaviour, which was explored through 2-D NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies.
The uneven distribution offDI contributes to inequality in economic development. Most studies on fDI in China use provincial data and parametric tools of analysis while delivering mixed findings regarding fDI's d...
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The uneven distribution offDI contributes to inequality in economic development. Most studies on fDI in China use provincial data and parametric tools of analysis while delivering mixed findings regarding fDI's distribution and free trade zones (fTZs) attractiveness. We investigate the convergence and transitional dynamics of relative fDI (RfDI) in China using visual tools of the distribution dynamics approach to a panel of 273 prefectural cities from 2003 to 2019. Convergence-divergence patterns are examined from inter- and intra-regional perspectives and fTZs vis-a-vis non-fTZ cities. In the long run, most entities within each region converge towards different RfDI values (from 0.05 to 0.25), far below the national average equal to one. fDI is the most unevenly distributed within the poorest western region. furthermore, three (two) convergence clubs emerge among the non-fTZ (fTZ) entities around RfDI values of 0.05, 0.6 and 2.7 (2.5 and 10). The results corroborate the New Growth and New Economic Geography theories, indicating an absence of desirable spatial diffusion from affluent 'core' cities and fTZs to 'peripheral' entities outside the fTZs. Additionally, we provide a 'policy priority list' comprising western cities with above (below) average RfDI and the highest propensity to diverge further above (below) the national mean.
fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post-infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study...
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fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post-infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the changes, if any, to levels of endotoxin in cattle plasma in response to early-stage infection with fasciola hepatica. Thirty-six (36) commercial bred cattle were experimentally infected with approximately 400 viable metacercariae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels were examined on 24 occasions from 0 h before infection to 336 h after infection using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate chromogenic end point assay and compared with that of six (6) uninfected control animals. Peak lipopolysaccharide levels in infected animals were reached at 52 h after infection and returned to pre-infection levels at time 144 h after infection. Infected animals had significantly elevated lipopolysaccharide levels between 24 and 120 h after infection when compared to uninfected animals. The mean change in endotoxin units (EU)/mL over time after infection was statistically significant in infected animals. Elevations of lipopolysaccharide occurred in all infected animals suggesting a possible repeatable and titratable endotoxemia conducive to therapeutic agent model development.
This study examines the effects of sanctions implemented by the European Union and the United States of America against the Russian federation following the latter's annexation of the Crimea Peninsula and invasion...
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This study examines the effects of sanctions implemented by the European Union and the United States of America against the Russian federation following the latter's annexation of the Crimea Peninsula and invasion of Eastern Ukraine. The analysis focuses on indirect or spillover effects caused by EU and US sanctions on several macroeconomic variables of the Russian economy. Employing a structural vector autoregressive model, the study uses time-varying sanction indices to simulate sanctions, substituting for binary dummy variables traditionally employed in modelling sanction's implementation. The findings reveal that sanctions have an indirect impact on Russia's GDP through their direct effects on inflation, interest rate, and domestic currency - a notion introduced as "sanction transmission mechanism".
This paper aims to reconstruct the chronological evolution of the treatment of the question of the origin of language among Muslim scholars, whether theologians, grammarians, or legal theorists, but also in modern sch...
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This paper aims to reconstruct the chronological evolution of the treatment of the question of the origin of language among Muslim scholars, whether theologians, grammarians, or legal theorists, but also in modern scholarship. Because of its many implications, both theological and linguistic (especially on the question of the divine speech, magaz, legal names, or even the evolution of language), the origin of language among Muslim scholars has aroused a keen interest in academic research dealing with the kalam or philology. At first, this interest went hand in hand with a much broader one, which was almost an obsession for many nineteenth-century orientalists, namely the question of origins and the possibility of Hellenistic paternity of the notion. This, like others, will be progressively contested.
The aim of the present research is to study some aspects of the carbon doping of TiO2 thin films and the influence of low temperature thermal annealing on the phase precipitation in thin films. Thin films of heavily d...
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The aim of the present research is to study some aspects of the carbon doping of TiO2 thin films and the influence of low temperature thermal annealing on the phase precipitation in thin films. Thin films of heavily doped with carbon TiO2 (up to 3 at % C) were deposited on (15 x 25 x 1 mm) glass substrates by r.f. magnetron co-sputtering of TiO2 target and carbon plates on its erosion zone in Ar + air (residual pressure of 0.5 and 0.6 Pa, respectively) atmosphere. Two different process's parameters were varied in different experiments in order to change the carbon content: the total area of the carbon plates which was 30, 84, 132, 400 and 830 mm(2)) and the radial distance between the center of the circle of the erosion zone with maximum rate of sputtering which was 2 and 4 cm. The as-deposited and annealed (air, 400 degrees C, 1h) thin films with thickness of 110-150 nm were studied by ellipsometry, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The GIXRD patterns reveal a mix of amorphous and nanocrystalline anatase and rutile TiO2 phases for all thin films. The Raman study confirms this conclusion but the TEM and GIXRD studies show presence of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline phase based on Ti3C20O14 together with the other phases of TiO2-anatase, rutile and brookite. Similar charcterizations were carried out after annealing at 400 degrees C in air for 60 min and the most prominent effects of thermal treatment are discussed.
This study investigates the impact of demographic factors on the use of mobile money applications in Nairobi County’s Kasarani constituency, a previously underexplored aspect in the context offinancial inclusion in ...
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The purpose of this study is to minimize the negative impacts of synthetic procedures and to develop environmentally benign procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. In the present study, Passiflora edul...
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The purpose of this study is to minimize the negative impacts of synthetic procedures and to develop environmentally benign procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. In the present study, Passiflora edulis .f. flavicarpa ( *** ) aqueous leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles are described. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (fTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .The efficacy of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was demonstrated as catalyst in the photo catalytic degradation of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue dyes which were measured spectrophotometrically. The study revealed that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Passiflora. Edulis f . flavicarpa, plant extract was found to be very effective as antioxidant agent.
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters including ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) are used for risk assessment of lung resection candidates. However, many patients are unable or unwilling to unde...
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BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters including ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) are used for risk assessment of lung resection candidates. However, many patients are unable or unwilling to undergo exercise. VE/VCO2 slope is closely related to the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2). We hypothesized PETCO2 at rest predicts postoperative pulmonary *** Consecutive lung resection candidates were included in this prospective multicenter study. Postoperative respiratory complications were assessed from the first 30 postoperative days or from the hospital stay. Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to analyze association with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications. The De Long test was used to compare area under the curve (AUC). Data are summarized as median (interquartile range).RESULTS Three hundred fifty-three patients were analyzed, of which 59 (17%) developed postoperative pulmonary complications. PETCO2 at rest was significantly lower (27 [24-30] vs 29 [26-32] mm Hg;P < .01) and VE/VCO2 slope during exercise significantly higher (35 [30-40] vs 29 [25-33];P < .01) in patients who developed postoperative pulmonary complications. Both rest PETCO2 with odds ratio 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-0.97);P = .01 and VE/VCO2 slope with odds ratio 1.10 (95% CI 1.05-1.16);P < .01 were independently associated with postoperative pulmonary complications by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. There was no significant difference between AUC of both models (rest PETCO2: AUC = 0.79 (95% CI 0.74-0.85);VE/VCO2 slope: AUC = 0.81 (95% CI 0.75-0.86);P = .48).CONCLUSIONS PETCO2 at rest has similar prognostic utility as VE/VCO2 slope, suggesting rest PETCO2 may be used for postoperative pulmonary complications prediction in lung resection candidates.
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