The development of automated Production Systems (aPS) is an interdisciplinary process, where an increasing part of the system's functionality is realized in the respective control software. Such software projects ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728148786
The development of automated Production Systems (aPS) is an interdisciplinary process, where an increasing part of the system's functionality is realized in the respective control software. Such software projects commonly utilize programminglanguages standardized in IEC 61131-3. To measure, improve, and maintain source code while also promoting trust in its capabilities, an objective assessment of its characteristics is necessary. Software metrics are a means for such an evaluation. While there is an abundance of metrics available from the classical software engineering domain, these metrics focus on textual programminglanguages. IEC 61131-3, however, defines graphicallanguages, which are not targeted by renowned concepts in computer science. Besides, former research demonstrates that software engineering metrics for textual languages need adaption to be applicable in the aPS domain. Thus, this paper introduces a metrics suite consisting of adapted and newly developed measures, which focus on the graphical IEC 61131-3 language Function Block Diagram. The results are prototypically implemented in one of the leading integrated development environments for IEC 61131-3 and then evaluated regarding their understandability and applicability by practitioners at a German aPS manufacturer.
graphical programming languages allow for well structured software and support comprehensibility and maintainability of the code. As for industrial applications, Sequential Function Chart(SFC) is a popular graphical l...
详细信息
graphical programming languages allow for well structured software and support comprehensibility and maintainability of the code. As for industrial applications, Sequential Function Chart(SFC) is a popular graphical language and was introduced by the IEC-611313 standard. Although providing powerful structuring elements that programmers can use to write better software, those elements are largely dropped when translating the software to a representation required for the application of formal methods. Even in widely used development tools like CODESYS, SFCs are internally translated to the textual language Structured Text, coming from the same standard. This approach preserves the semantics needed for simulation, but can introduce significant overhead that impedes the application of formal methods, e.g. Concolic Testing, which is the focus of this work. To this end, we propose a novel Concolic Testing approach that utilises the structure of SFC in order to overcome the obstacles that keep traditional techniques from achieving high test -coverage in a reasonable amount of time. We compare our results to two approaches that work on a textual representation of the program. (C) 2018, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
We present the results of a pilot study in which twenty K-12 teachers were introduced to LEGO NXT-G robot programming through a three-day summer workshop. Our aim was to give teachers the confidence and skills to star...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781467313513
We present the results of a pilot study in which twenty K-12 teachers were introduced to LEGO NXT-G robot programming through a three-day summer workshop. Our aim was to give teachers the confidence and skills to start after-school robotics programs with their students. We present details on the workshop, including the approach we used to recruit teachers and an overview of the three-day course. We discuss the data gathered from the teachers following the workshop and also give our own recommendations for others who may wish to run a similar program. Participants ranged from elementary school general classroom teachers to high school math, science, and even computer science teachers. Prior to attending our workshop, 89% of the teachers had little or no programming experience and generally were not very confident in their own ability to be able to learn how to program a robot. After completing the workshop, their confidence increased dramatically and they had a strong expectation that they would use the material with their students. A follow-up survey nine months later indicated that hundreds of students and many colleagues were impacted in the first year alone.
Maps have been major sources of information for a long time. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use digital data, elevation models, satellite images, expert systems and related open source information for planning, ...
详细信息
Maps have been major sources of information for a long time. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use digital data, elevation models, satellite images, expert systems and related open source information for planning, detection, evaluation and decision making. Maps as well as GIS use spatial attributes of data in particular. Spatial Information derived is a feature of both data and language to communicate results of analysis and interpretation. A natural language approach to geographic concepts is discussed focusing on the cognitive aspects of categorizing spatial terms, which are represented by vague descriptions. Scientific analysis, however, requires a formal representation of spatial terms. The translation of linguistic concepts to spatial terms like "steep slopes" involves inherent uncertainties that are dealt with by implementing fuzzy logic tools to computer-based GIS. MapModels is a programming language based on ArcView(R) GIS that allows users easily to comprehend geographical (spatial) terms by means of analytical tools including membership models. A flowchart interface is preferred to a line-code oriented programming language thus enabling the user to focus on a particular problem rather than a complex programming exercise. Examples are given on how MapModels utilizes the vagueness of geographic description in GIS analysis. This paper shows, how MapModels enhances the powerful options of GIS-based spatial analysis in obtaining information from cell-based images. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Maps have been major sources of information for a long time. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use digital data, elevation models, satellite images, expert systems and related open source information for planning, ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9810243561
Maps have been major sources of information for a long time. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use digital data, elevation models, satellite images, expert systems and related open source information for planning, detection, evaluation and decision making. Maps as well as GIS use spatial attributes of data in particular. Spatial Information derived is a feature of both data and language to communicate results of analysis and interpretation. A natural language approach to geographic concepts is discussed focusing on the cognitive aspects of categorizing spatial terms, which are represented by vague descriptions. Scientific analysis, however, requires a formal representation of spatial terms. The translation of linguistic concepts to spatial terms like "steep slopes" involves inherent uncertainties that are dealt with by implementing fuzzy logic tools to computer-based GIS. MapModels is a programming language based on ArcView(R) GIS that allows users easily to comprehend geographical (spatial) terms by means of analytical tools including membership models. A flowchart interface is preferred to a line-code oriented programming language thus enabling the user to focus on a particular problem rather than a complex programming exercise. Examples are given on how MapModels utilizes the vagueness of geographic description in GIS analysis. This paper shows, how MapModels enhances the powerful options of GIS-based spatial analysis in obtaining information from cell-based images. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
This paper assesses the changing role of dynamic modeling for understanding and managing complex ecological economic systems. it discusses new modeling tools for problem scoping and consensus building among a broad ra...
详细信息
This paper assesses the changing role of dynamic modeling for understanding and managing complex ecological economic systems. it discusses new modeling tools for problem scoping and consensus building among a broad range of stakeholders and describes four case studies in which dynamic modeling has been used to collect and organize data, synthesize knowledge, and build consensus about the management of complex systems. The case studies range from industrial systems (mining, smelting, and refining of iron and steel in the United Stales) to ecosystems (Louisiana coastal wetlands, and Fynbos ecosystems in South Africa) to linked ecological economic systems (Maryland's Patuxent River basin in the United States). They illustrate uses of dynamic modeling to include stakeholders in ail stages of consensus building, ranging from initial problem scoping to model development. The resultant models are the first stage in a three-stage modeling process that includes research and management models as the later stages.
A genetic algorithm for instrumentation control and optimization was developed using the LabVIEW graphicalprogramming environment. The usefulness of this methodology for the optimization of a closed loop control inst...
详细信息
A genetic algorithm for instrumentation control and optimization was developed using the LabVIEW graphicalprogramming environment. The usefulness of this methodology for the optimization of a closed loop control instrument is demonstrated with minimal complexity and the programming is presented in detail to facilitate its adaptation to other LabVIEW applications. Closed loop control instruments have a variety of applications in the biomedical sciences including the regulation of physiological processes such as blood pressure. The program presented here should provide a useful starting point for those wishing to incorporate genetic algorithm approaches to LabVIEW mediated optimization of closed loop control instruments.
暂无评论