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sensorS 2025年第5期25卷 1506-1506页

作者： Devesa, Susana Benzarti, Zohra Costa, Madalena Cavaleiro, Diogo Faia, Pedro Carvalho, Sandra Univ Coimbra Dept Mech Engn Ctr Mech Engn Mat & Proc CEMMPRE Adv Prod & Intelligent Syst ARISE Rua Luis Reis Santos P-3030788 Coimbra Portugal Univ Sfax Fac Sci Sfax Dept Phys Lab Multifunct Mat & Applicat LaMMA Soukra Rd Km 3 5BP 1171 Sfax 3000 Tunisia Univ Coimbra Phys Dept Rua Larga P-3004516 Coimbra Portugal Univ Coimbra Ctr Mech Engn Mat & Proc CEMMPRE Elect & Comp Engn Dept Adv Prod & Intelligent Syst ARISEFCTUC Polo 2 P-3030290 Coimbra Portugal

Resistivity-type humidity sensors, which detect changes in electrical resistance in response to variations in environmental humidity, have garnered significant interest due to their widespread application in industry, agriculture, and daily life. These sensors rely on diverse materials for fabrication, but their increasing variety has contributed to the accumulation of electronic waste. As a biodegradable polymer, cellulose offers unique advantages, including a naturally hydrophilic structure and a large specific surface area. These properties enable cellulose to reduce e-waste generation while facilitating the efficient adsorption of water molecules. However, despite these benefits, humidity sensors based solely on cellulose often suffer from poor sensitivity due to its limited hydrophilicity and non-adjustable structure. To overcome these limitations, the development of composite materials emerges as a promising solution for enhancing the performance of cellulose-based humidity sensors. Combining the complementary properties of cellulose and TiO2, this work presents the development of a cellulose/TiO2 composite humidity sensor through a sustainable approach. The resulting composite material exhibits significantly improved sensitivity compared with a sensor fabricated purely from cellulose. To achieve this, TiO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into cellulose extracted from potato peels, and the composite film was fabricated using the casting method. The sensor's performance was evaluated by analyzing the dependence of its complex impedance, measured over a frequency range between 2 kHz and 10 MHz, while varying relative humidity (RH).

关键词： cellulose TiO2 nanoparticles impedance spectroscopy humidity sensor

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Graphene Oxide humidity sensor: Effect of Substrates

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2025年第1期54卷 321-335页

作者： Tiwary, Punam Chakraborty, Amit K. Edwards, Holly J. Dhanak, Vinod R. Mahapatra, Rajat Natl Inst Technol Ctr Excellence Adv Mat Durgapur 713209 W Bengal India Natl Inst Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Durgapur 713209 W Bengal India Natl Inst Technol Dept Phys Carbon Nanotechnol Lab Durgapur 713209 W Bengal India Univ Liverpool Dept Phys Liverpool L69 3BX England Univ Liverpool Stephenson Inst Renewable Energy Liverpool L69 3BX England Lab Brookes Bell Lab & Technol Ctr Valley Rd Ind Estate Wirral CH41 7EL England

A graphene oxide (GO)-based humidity sensor is reported in this work wherein the influence of the substrate on its humidity-sensing properties is compared by depositing a GO film on two different substrates: glass and wearable fabric. While the GO film exhibits sensitivity to humidity for both substrates, its response varies from 35% for the glass substrate to 74% for wearable fabric at 60% relative humidity (RH), clearly indicating the superiority of the wearable fabric over glass. The sensors (on both substrates) show almost no sensitivity to several common volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases, suggesting their high selectivity towards humidity. In both cases, the sensor can detect humidity with high repeatability over several cycles and exhibits fast response and recovery times of 6 s/10 s and 7 s/12 s for glass and wearable fabric, respectively. The sensing mechanism is explained in terms of pre-adsorbed surface oxygen ions, as measured by the change in water signal upon exposure of the GO film to humidity using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thus, we demonstrate that the developed GO film on wearable fabric can act as a low-cost, flexible, and wearable humidity sensor with good sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity.

关键词： Graphene oxide humidity sensor Wearable fabric Substrate effect High sensitivity Repeatability

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Polymer-based humidity sensor with fast response and multiple functions

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MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING 2025年 190卷

作者： Li, Yalong Lan, Jian Hu, Jiahao Hu, Shouyuan Wang, Junbo Zhou, Feng Li, Pei Jiang, Jie Chen, Liang Ningbo Univ Sch Phys Sci & Technol Ningbo 315211 Peoples R China Zhejiang GuoFu Environm Technol Co Ltd Hangzhou 311300 Peoples R China Fudan Univ State Key Lab Surface Phys Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China Fudan Univ Dept Phys Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

Polymer-based films characterized by hydrophilic functional groups and porous structures are commonly utilized in humidity sensing due to their low-cost, non-toxic, and biodegradability. Despite advancements in polymer- based humidity sensors achieving rapid response time around 200 ms, many commonly used sensors still exhibit slower response time, often in the range of several seconds. Additionally, the absence of self-powered capabilities significantly restricts their practical applications. Here, we propose a humidity sensor based on a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) polymer film, featuring self-powering capability and high-power density. Notably, the sensor exhibits a response time of 80 ms, surpassing the currently reported state-of-the-art sensors with the response/recovery time of 150 ms, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate its applications in health monitoring and non-contact sensing for rapid detections of humidity changes associated with blinking, breathing, and finger interactions, highlighting the potential of next-generation humidity sensors.

关键词： humidity sensor Polymer-based Self-powered Response time Health monitoring

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Highly responsive humidity sensor based on Ag doped polyindole/ hydroxyethyl cellulose nanocomposites for monitoring human physiological activities

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APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2025年 681卷

作者： Guo, Yanting Li, Qing Zheng, Lu Liu, Dandan Nie, Guangming Qingdao Univ Sci & Technol Coll Chem & Mol Engn Key Lab Opt Elect Sensing & Analyt Chem Life Sci MOE Qingdao 266042 Peoples R China

A highly sensitive humidity sensor based on Ag doped polyindole/hydroxyethyl cellulose (Ag-PIn/HEC) composite is constructed for relative humidity sensing at room temperature in this study. Doping of Ag and HClO4 is used to solve the problem of poor electrical conductivity of polyindole (PIn). The humidity sensitive material is prepared by the combination of HEC binder and doped PIn, which realizes the high sensitivity humidity detection. The Ag-PIn/HEC sensor showed high response value (93800 %), good linearity (R-2 = 0.993), fast response time (8 s), low humidity hysteresis (4.16 %), good reproducibility, and stability over a detection range of 11 similar to 84 % relative humidity (RH). In addition, the humidity sensor has a specific response to human breath. According to the change of impedance signals, it can easily distinguish between oral and nasal breathing as well as light or rapid breathing, which can be used in medical care, such as preventive monitoring for special groups (asthma patients). Moreover, the sensor can recognize certain simple words by detecting changes in exhalation while speaking, which provides potential applications in speech recognition and non-contact switches.

关键词： humidity sensor Polyindole Hydroxyethyl cellulose Ag nanoparticle

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Flexible non-contact printed humidity sensor: Realization of the ultra-high performance humidity monitoring based on the MXene composite material

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2025年 432卷

作者： Zhang, Hao-wen Xu, Xiang Lu, Jie Huang, Meng-lin Wang, Yang-sheng Feng, Zhe-sheng Wang, Yan Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mat & Energy Chengdu 610054 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China

MXene is regarded as a promising material in the research of humidity monitoring due to the unique chemical properties (presence of hydrophilic active sites) and physical properties (high specific surface area). In this study, we present a flexible non-contact printed humidity sensor prepared from the copper electrode and MXene composite material modified by the sodium lignin sulfonate (SL) and bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNF). Hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups introduced by the SL effectively improved the bondability of the modified MXene composite material with water molecules. Meanwhile, the insertion of the BCNF optimized the interlaminar structure of the MXene, which is beneficial for the diffusion of water molecules. The humidity sensor possesses an excellent capacitance variation (770.74 % in 97 % RH) with satisfactory sensitivity (0.664 s/0.747 s for response time and recovery time), which is the highest performance among conventional low-dimensional carbon materials. Additionally, the humidity sensor exhibits exceptional structural stability (less than 2.5 % attenuation of the capacitance response after reversal and bending tests), storage stability, and performance repeatability. Eventually, the printed humidity sensor has realized non-contact monitoring of skin moisture, respiratory status, exercise states, and voice detection, revealing significant potential in health care, intelligent actuator, and human-machine interaction.

关键词： MXene SL BCNF humidity sensor Non-contact monitoring

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Intelligent respiratory rate detection using disposable paper-based humidity sensor and precise peak-seeking algorithm

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2025年 436卷

作者： Tan, Chong Cao, Yu Xie, Nan Zhang, Mingxiang Liu, Lili Yu, Haichao Wang, Changhong Jiang, Yaowen Wu, Yuanming Yuan, Zhen Duan, Zaihua Jiang, Yadong Tai, Huiling Univ Elect Sci & Technol China UESTC Sch Optoelect Sci & Engn State Key Lab Elect Thin Films & Integrated Device Chengdu 610054 Peoples R China Sichuan Univ West China Hosp Dept Emergency Med Lab Emergency Med Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China China Elect Technol Grp Corp Res Inst 49 Harbin 150028 Peoples R China

The traditional respiratory rate detection techniques, such as clinic monitor and ventilator, are often limited to specific application scenarios due to their complexity and high cost. In this work, we propose a disposable and cost-effective paper-based (PB) LiCl humidity sensor. The results show that the PB LiCl humidity sensor can detect a relative humidity (RH) range of 28.8-91.5 %, with alternating current impedance of 562.9 and direct current resistance response of 10,928.8 at 91.5 % RH (25 degrees C). Notably, the incorporation of LiCl reduces the resistance of the paper material, which makes it easier for the circuit to obtain the resistance value. To achieve automatic recognition of respiratory rate, we propose a precise peak-seeking algorithm based on extreme value detection, addressing the baseline drift issue encountered in actual respiratory detection by humidity sensor. The corresponding circuit system is designed, which can accurately capture and analyze humidity changes caused by respiration, generate real-time respiratory response curves, and calculate respiratory rates, achieving intelligent respiratory rate detection. This work provides a useful reference for developing portable and low-cost respiratory detection equipment based on the disposable PB LiCl humidity sensor.

关键词： Respiratory rate humidity sensor Disposable sensor Paper electronic Peak-seeking algorithm

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Stable, High-Sensitivity, and Rapid-Response humidity sensor Based on Ultrathin Graphene Oxide Film after Vacuum Annealing

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ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2025年第7期7卷 2741-2750页

作者： Meng, Deshuai Cao, Yang Luo, Yi Pang, Ke Zhang, HuiYin Beijing Informat Sci & Technol Univ Sch Instrumentat Sci & Optoelect Engn Beijing 100192 Peoples R China

Graphene oxide (GO) contains a significant number of hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups (OCGs) within its molecular structure, which can facilitate the adsorption of water molecules. Therefore, GO is considered to be an effective moisture-sensitive material. However, GO is inherently unstable and highly susceptible to temperature variations. Herein, we report a high-performance resistive humidity sensor utilizing an ultrathin GO film, prepared by drop-casting a single-layer GO aqueous dispersion and subsequently vacuum annealing at 120 degrees C. The sensor demonstrates excellent temperature stability for the ambient temperature range of 20-80 degrees C. Additionally, it exhibits high sensitivity and rapid-response humidity sensing capabilities within a humidity range of 20-90% relative humidity (RH). The sensitivity of the sensor reaches 4.29 M Omega/%RH, which is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of similar sensors operating on the same principles. The response time and recovery time are about 0.32 and 0.42 s, respectively, among the rapidest GO-based resistive humidity sensors reported to date. Due to the rapid response and high sensitivity, the sensor enables noncontact monitoring of human breath as well as monitoring the distance between human fingers and the sensor. Furthermore, we fabricated flexible GO humidity sensors, which demonstrate great potential for applications in wearable devices for monitoring vital signs related to humidity.

关键词： ultrathin GO high-sensitivity vacuum annealing temperature stability humidity sensor

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A flexible humidity sensor based on GO/PEDOT: PSS modified laser-induced graphene electrode

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 2025年 387卷

作者： Song, Yang Dan, Ronghui Li, Lei Xia, Xiaojuan Zhao, Jiang Xu, Rongqing Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Elect & Opt Engn Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Flexible Elect Future Technol Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Integrated Circuit Sci & Engn Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Nantong Inst Nantong 226006 Peoples R China

The potential of ubiquitous humidity monitoring is unlocked through the presentation of a novel, highly flexible sensor, which is fabricated using a dramatically simplified and cost-effective method, challenging existing complex manufacturing approaches. Specifically, this study utilizes a laser direct writing technique that is both efficient and rapid for the fabrication of flexible laser-induced graphene (LIG) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). By skillfully integrating graphene oxide (GO) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), a flexible GO/PEDOT: PSS@LIG humidity sensor has been successfully developed. This sensor cleverly harnesses the distinctive properties of both PEDOT: PSS and GO, giving rise to a noteworthy synergistic effect that greatly boosts the humidity sensing capabilities of the GO/PEDOT: PSS composite. The sensor demonstrates a capacitive sensitivity of 1493561.67 mu F/% RH spanning from 11 % to 97 % RH. Furthermore, it exhibits exceptional response and recovery times (5 and 16.5 s, respectively), along with commendable stability. These features guarantee efficient and precise real-time monitoring. Such remarkable sensing attributes position the flexible GO/PEDOT: PSS@LIG humidity sensor as a highly promising candidate for deployment in noncontact sensing domains, including environmental and respiratory monitoring.

关键词： Laser-induced graphene Graphene oxide PEDOT: PSS Flexibility humidity sensor

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Modeling analysis and experimental verification of IDE humidity sensor integrated with PZT: Ultra-fast response and recovery times

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2025年 426卷

作者： Li, Dapeng Chen, Aobei Dong, Xiaoyuan Zheng, Dezhi Na, Rui Beihang Univ Sch Instrumentat & Optoelect Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Mechanoelect Engn Xian 710126 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Adv Res Inst Multidisciplinary Sci Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

Highly dynamic humidity monitoring is critically important across various fields. Rapid response and recovery times significantly enhance both the real-time performance and accuracy of sensors. This study introduces an innovative and efficient method for enhancing sensor dynamics by integrating piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) at the base of the sensor and utilizing its converse piezoelectric effect to significantly reduce response and recovery times. Several interdigital electrode (IDE) capacitive humidity sensors were developed using a WS2 humidity-sensitive film, efficiently prepared via molten-salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Test results demonstrate that the introduction of PZT notably enhances the dynamic characteristics of the humidity sensor, reducing its response and recovery times to under 1 s. Additionally, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity, low hysteresis, excellent repeatability, and long-term stability. Due to these advantages, particularly its fast response, the sensor has been successfully applied in radiosonde systems and human respiratory monitoring, effectively capturing high-dynamic humidity changes in rapidly shifting high-altitude environments and in human breathing processes. The efficient preparation method, innovative structural design, and extremely fast response time make the WS2 sensor with integrated PZT highly versatile fora wide range of applications.

关键词： humidity sensor Piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) WS2 nanocomposite Response and recovery times

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Highly sensitivity and wide-range flexible humidity sensor based on LiCl/ cellulose nanofiber membrane by one-step electrospinning

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2025年 503卷

作者： Liu, Xiaomeng Wang, Lang Lei, Ying Li, Xiao Cheng, Chunzu Yang, Leixin Jiao, Long Yang, Shuo Shu, Dengkun Cheng, Bowen Tianjin Univ Sci & Technol State Key Lab Biobased Fiber Mfg Technol Tianjin Key Lab Pulp & Paper Tianjin 300457 Peoples R China China Text Acad Beijing 100025 Peoples R China

Cellulose is considered an ideal material for flexible electronic humidity sensors due to its green renewable nature, rich surface groups and strong hydrophilicity. However, the traditional cellulose-based humidity sensor cannot simultaneously have wide detection range, high sensitivity and fast response time, which seriously hinder their development and application. Here, an ultrathin Lithium chloride (LiCl)/cellulose nanofiber membrane as moisture sensitive materials was prepared by one-step electrospinning and used to assemble a high-performance humidity sensor. N, N-Dimethylacetamide/Lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) solvent system was used to dissolve the cellulose, and DMAc volatilized into the air while LiCl remained in the cellulose nanofibers during the electrospinning process. LiCl as a highly moisture-sensitive inorganic salt has strong hydrophilicity and enhances the moisture sensing detection limit of cellulose fiber (especially under low humidity conditions), thus giving the cellulose moisture sensor excellent sensitivity (up to 4191 %) and a wide detection range (5-98 % RH). The nanometer size of cellulose fibers, the extremely low thickness and large pores of cellulose membranes accelerate the mass exchange of moisture between the air and the membrane, thus giving cellulose humidity sensor a fast response/recovery time (99/110 s) and low hysteresis (2.9 %). Moreover, the performances of humidity sensors didn't degrade even after being subjected to long-term application (>30 days), high/low temperatures (73.6/0.1 degrees C) and thousands of bending cycles. The proposed LiCl/cellulose nanofiber humidity sensor brings innovative solutions for the design of cellulose based sensor with great potential for use in non-contact humidity detection, respiratory monitoring and sleep apnea detection applications.

关键词： Cellulose LiCl Nanofiber membrane Electrospinning humidity sensor Sensitivity

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