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Both right- and left-handers show a bias to attend others' right arm

EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2015年第2期233卷 415-424页

作者： Marzoli, Daniele Lucafo, Chiara Pagliara, Alessandra Cappuccio, Romina Brancucci, Alfredo Tommasi, Luca Univ G dAnnunzio Dept Psychol Sci Humanities & Terr I-66013 Chieti Italy Univ G dAnnunzio Dept Neurosci Imaging & Clin Sci I-66013 Chieti Italy

The common-coding hypothesis suggests that the more similar an observed action is to the way the observer would perform it, the stronger is the ensuing activation of motor representations. Therefore, producing actions could prime perception so that observers would be particularly responsive to (i.e. biased to perceive) actions that are related to, and share features with, their own actions. If this similarity principle also applies to handedness, right- and left-handers should be more likely to perceive actions as performed with their dominant rather than non-dominant hand. In two experiments, participants were required to indicate the perceived orientation (front or back view) of pictures of ambiguous human silhouettes performing one-handed manual actions. Experiment 1, in which 300 right-handers and 60 left-handers reported the orientation of a single silhouette seen for as much as they wished, showed that participants perceived the figures more frequently in an orientation congruent with a movement performed with the right rather than the left hand. Experiment 2, in which 12 right-handers and 12 left-handers reported the orientation of 52 silhouettes seen for 300 ms, showed similar results when multiple responses per participant were collected rather than only one. Contrary to our expectations, no difference was observed between right- and left-handers, which might suggest an attentional bias towards the right arm of human bodies in both groups. Moreover, participants were more likely to perceive the figure as front-facing than as back-facing, possibly due to the greater adaptive relevance of approaching compared to receding individuals.

关键词： common coding Handedness Human body Ambiguous figures Facing bias Perceptual frequency effect

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Effect of task-specific execution on accuracy of imagined aiming movements

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NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 2015年第0期585卷 72-76页

作者： Yoxon, Emma Tremblay, Luc Welsh, Timothy N. Univ Toronto Ctr Motor Control Fac Kinesiol & Phys Educ Toronto ON M5S 2W6 Canada

Ideomotor theory states that the neural codes that represent action and the perceptual consequences of those actions are tightly bound in a common code. For action imagination, bound action, and perceptual codes are thought to be internally activated at a sub-threshold level through action simulation. In support of this hypothesis, previous research revealed that imagined movement times (MTs) for reciprocal aiming movements were closer to actual execution MTs after the participants gained experience executing the task. The current study examined the task-specific nature of the effects of experience on imagination by determining if improvements in accuracy in the imagination of reciprocal aiming movements occur only with experience of the reciprocal aiming task or with any aiming task. To this end, one group of participants executed a reciprocal pointing task, whereas a second group executed a discrete aiming task with comparable accuracy requirements before and after imagining reciprocal aiming movements. Influence of task specificity on imagination was assessed by evaluating the changes in imagined MTs before and after execution. Consistent with previous findings, there was a reduction in imagined MTs following task execution. Critically, there was a significant time by group interaction revealing a significant pre/post reduction in imagined MTs for the group that executed the reciprocal aiming movements, but not for the group that executed the discrete aiming movements. These data support ideomotor accounts of action imagination because it appears that the imagination of a movement is affected by task-specific experience with that movement. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Imagination Motor imagery common coding ldeomotor theory

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Ideomotor design Using common coding theory to derive novel video game interactions

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PRAGMATICS & COGNITION 2010年第2期18卷 313-339页

作者： Chandrasekharan, Sanjay Mazalek, Alexandra Nitsche, Michael Chen, Yanfeng Ranjan, Apara Georgia Inst Technol Sch Interact Comp GVU Ctr Atlanta GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol Digital Media Program GVU Ctr Atlanta GA 30332 USA Univ British Columbia Dept Psychol Kelowna BC V1V 1V7 Canada

Recent experiments show video games have a range of positive cognitive effects, such as improvement in attention, spatial cognition and mental rotation, and also overcoming of cognitive disabilities such as fear of flying. Further, game environments are now being used to generate scientific discoveries, and bring about novel phenomenological effects, such as out-of-body experiences. These advances provide interesting interaction design possibilities for video games. However, since the cognitive mechanisms underlying these experimental effects are unknown, it is difficult to systematically derive novel systems and interaction designs based on these results. We review the emerging cognitive mechanism known as common coding (which proposes a common neural representation connecting execution, perception and imagination of movements), and outline how this mechanism could provide an integrated account of the cognitive effects of video games. We then illustrate, using two ongoing projects, how novel video game interaction designs could be derived by extending common coding theory.

关键词： common coding digital media embodied cognition interaction design video games tangible interfaces

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Towards a common framework of grounded action cognition: Relating motor control, perception and cognition

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COGNITION 2016年 146卷 81-89页

作者： Gentsch, Antje Weber, Arne Synofzik, Matthis Vosgerau, Gottfried Schuetz-Bosbach, Simone UCL CEHP Res Dept London England Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Leipzig Germany Univ Dusseldorf Dept Philosophy Dusseldorf Germany Univ Tubingen Hertie Inst Clin Brain Res Dept Neurodegenerat Dis Tubingen Germany German Res Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis DZNE Tubingen Germany Univ Munich Dept Psychol D-80802 Munich Germany

The relation between motor control and action cognition - including action-related thoughts and action-related perception - has been subject to controversial discussions in the last three decades. During these decades, cognitive neuroscience has been increasingly confronted with a huge variety of different accounts trying to understand and explain the relation between these systems, their interdependencies and the mediating mechanisms by establishing notions such as "internal models", "simulation" or "shared representation". These accounts, however, include a large array of partly overlapping, partly contradictory theories using similar terms for different mechanisms and different terms for similar mechanisms. In the absence of a systematic work-up and comparison, this array of accounts and theories leads to confusion in the field, duplication of experimental work, and unconnected parallelism of theory formation within and between different disciplines. Here we provide a systematic comparison of current models and prospective theories that deal with the relation between cognition, perception and motor control mechanisms. In a second step, we propose "grounded action cognition" as a comprehensive metatheoretical framework which defines different hypothetical possibilities of the relations between these domains, offers systematic insights into current models and theories and last but not least may help to increase comparability of empirical research in the domain of action and action cognition. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Grounded cognition Motor control Action perception Action cognition Simulation Internal models common coding

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Balancing cognitive control: How observed movements influence motor performance in a task with balance constraints

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ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA 2014年 150卷 129-135页

作者： Verrel, Julius Lisofsky, Nina Kuehn, Simone Ctr Lifespan Psychol Max Planck Inst Human Dev Berlin Germany

We investigated the influence of observed movements on executed movements in a task requiring lifting one foot from the floor while maintaining whole-body balance. Sixteen young participants (20-30 years) performed foot lift movements, which were either cued symbolically by a letter (L/R, indicating to lift the left/right foot) or by a short movie showing a foot lift movement. In the symbol cue condition, stimuli from the movie cue condition were used as distractors, and vice versa. Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and actual foot lifts were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Foot lift responses were generally faster in response to the movie compared to the symbol cue condition. Moreover, incongruent movement distractors interfered with performance in the symbol cue condition, as shown by longer response times and increased number of APAs. Latencies of the first (potentially wrong) APA in a trial were shorter for movie compared to symbol cues but were not affected by cue-distractor congruency. Amplitude of the first APA was smaller when it was followed by additional APAs compared to trials with a single APA. Our results show that automatic imitation tendencies are integrated with postural control in a task with balance constraints. Analysis of the number, timing and amplitude of APAs indicates that conflicts between intended and observed movements are not resolved at a purely cognitive level but directly influence overt motor performance, emphasizing the intimate link between perception, cognition and action. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Action control Perception common coding Imitation Movement Balance

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Building to Discover: A common coding Model

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2009年第6期33卷 1059-1086页

作者： Chandrasekharan, Sanjay Georgia Inst Technol Sch Interact Comp Atlanta GA 30332 USA

I present a case study of scientific discovery, where building two functional and behavioral approximations of neurons, one physical and the other computational, led to conceptual and implementation breakthroughs in a neural engineering laboratory. Such building of external systems that mimic target phenomena, and the use of these external systems to generate novel concepts and control structures, is a standard strategy in the new engineering sciences. I develop a model of the cognitive mechanism that connects such built external systems with internal models, and I examine how new discoveries, and consensus on discoveries, could arise from this external-internal coupling and the building process. The model is based on the emerging framework of common coding, which proposes a shared representation in the brain between the execution, perception, and imagination of movement.

关键词： Distributed cognition Scientific cognition Simulative model-based reasoning common coding Scientific visualization

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Time to get a move on: Overcoming bradykinetic movement in Parkinson's disease with artificial sensory guidance generated from biological motion

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BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2013年 253卷 113-120页

作者： Bienkiewicz, Marta M. N. Rodger, Matthew W. M. Young, William R. Craig, Cathy M. Queens Univ Belfast Sch Psychol Belfast BT7 1NN Antrim North Ireland

Paradoxical kinesia describes the motor improvement in Parkinson's disease (PD) triggered by the presence of external sensory information relevant for the movement. This phenomenon has been puzzling scientists for over 60 years, both in neurological and motor control research, with the underpinning mechanism still being the subject of fierce debate. In this paper we present novel evidence supporting the idea that the key to understanding paradoxical kinesia lies in both spatial and temporal information conveyed by the cues and the coupling between perception and action. We tested a group of 7 idiopathic PD patients in an upper limb mediolateral movement task. Movements were performed with and without a visual point light display, travelling at 3 different speeds. The dynamic information presented in the visual point light display depicted three different movement speeds of the same amplitude performed by a healthy adult. The displays were tested and validated on a group of neurologically healthy participants before being tested on the PD group. Our data show that the temporal aspects of the movement (kinematics) in PD can be moderated by the prescribed temporal information presented in a dynamic environmental cue. Patients demonstrated a significant improvement in terms of movement time and peak velocity when executing movement in accordance with the information afforded by the point light display, compared to when the movement of the same amplitude and direction was performed without the display. In all patients we observed the effect of paradoxical kinesia, with a strong relationship between the perceptual information prescribed by the biological motion display and the observed motor performance of the patients. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cueing Paradoxical kinesia Parkinson's disease Biological motion common coding Bradykinesia

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On the relationship between the execution, perception, and imagination of action

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BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2013年 257卷 242-252页

作者： Wong, Lokman Manson, Gerome A. Tremblay, Luc Welsh, Timothy N. Univ Toronto Fac Kinesiol & Phys Educ Toronto ON M5S 2W6 Canada Univ Toronto Ctr Motor Control Toronto ON M5S 2W6 Canada

Humans can perform, perceive, and imagine voluntary movement. Numerous investigations of these abilities have employed variants of goal-directed aiming tasks because the Fitts's law equation reliably captures the mathematical relationship between movement time (MT) and accuracy requirements. The emergence of Fitts's speed-accuracy relationship during movement execution, perception, and imagination has led to the suggestion that these processes rely on common neural codes. This common coding account is based on the notion that the neural codes used to generate an action are tightly bound to the codes that represent the perceptual consequences of that action. It is suggested that during action imagination and perception the bound codes are activated offline through an action simulation. The present study provided a comprehensive testing of this common coding hypothesis by examining the characteristics of the Fitts relationship in movement execution, perception, and imagination within the same individuals. Participants were required to imagine and perceive reciprocal aiming movements with varying accuracy requirements before and after actually executing the movements. Consistent with the common coding account, the Fitts relationship was observed in all conditions. Critically, the slopes of the regression lines across tasks were not different suggesting that the core of the speed-accuracy trade-off was consistent across conditions. In addition, it was found that incidental limb position variability scaled to the amplitude of imagined movements. This motor overflow suggests motor system activation during action imagination. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that action execution, perception, and imagination rely on a common coding system. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Imagination Perception common coding Simulation

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The Cross-Domain Re-interpretation of Artistic Ideas 35

The Cross-Domain Re-interpretation of Artistic Ideas

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35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society - Cooperative Minds: Social Interaction and Group Dynamics, CogSci 2013

作者： Ranjan, Apara Gabora, Liane O'Connor, Brian Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Okanagan campus 3333 University Way KelownaBCV1V 1V7 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780976831891

The goal of this study was to investigate the translate-ability of creative works into other domains. We tested whether people were able to recognize which works of art were inspired by which pieces of music. Three expert painters created four paintings, each of which was the artist's interpretation of one of four different pieces of instrumental music. Participants were able to identify which paintings were inspired by which pieces of music at statistically significant above-chance levels. The findings support the hypothesis that creative ideas can exist in an at least somewhat domain-independent state of potentiality and become more well-defined as they are actualized in accordance with the constraints of a particular domain. © CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： art artifacts common coding creativity domain generality ekphrastic expression individual differences interpretation music potentiality self-expression style synesthesia translation

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Acquired equivalence of cues by presentation in a common context in rats

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ANIMAL COGNITION 2012年第1期15卷 143-147页

作者： Molet, Mikael Miller, Holly Zentall, Thomas R. Univ Lille F-59653 Villeneuve Dascq France Univ Kentucky Lexington KY USA

It is well established that humans and other animals may treat two perceptually different cues alike, if the cues have been individually paired with a common antecedent or a common consequence. Recently, Molet et al. (Psychon Bull Rev 18: 618-623, 2011) reported evidence for a new form of acquired equivalence in human conditional discrimination, namely context-mediated equivalence. In the present research, using a flavor conditioning procedure, we asked whether rats would show similar context-mediated equivalence to demonstrate that this new form of acquired equivalence is a general phenomenon. Rats experienced two flavor cues A and B each presented either in the same context, X, or each in its own distinctive context, X or Y. Subsequently, the rats experienced B with sucrose in a third context, Z, and then the generalization of conditioning to A was assessed. When tested in Context Z, consumption of A was more marked when A and B had both been presented in the same context than when they had been presented in two different contexts. Thus, importantly, in the absence of the training context, cues that shared a common context at different times came to be treated as equivalent. This represents the first evidence of context-mediated equivalence in a nonhuman species.

关键词： Acquired equivalence Context common representation common coding Mediation Rats

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