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A special two-working-electrode system: a summary of recent development in fabrication and application of interdigitated array electrodes

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NANOTECHNOLOGY 2025年第13期36卷 132001-132001页

作者： Zhang, Tingsen Jian, Yingying Deng, Zhiyong Wu, Weiwei Liu, Fei XiDian Univ Shaanxi Higher Educ Inst Sch Adv Mat & Nanotechnol Key Lab Artificial Olfact Xian 710126 Peoples R China XiDian Univ State Key Lab Electromech Integrated Mfg High Perf Xian 710126 Peoples R China Nucl Power Inst China Chengdu 610213 Peoples R China Lanzhou Univ Sch Nucl Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China

The utilization of two-working-electrode mode of interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes and other two-electrode systems has revolutionized electrochemical detection by enabling the simultaneous and independent detection of two species or reactions. In contrast to conventional two-potential electrodes, such as the rotating ring disk electrodes, IDAs demonstrate analogous yet vastly improved performance, characterized by remarkable collection efficiency, sensitivity, and signal amplification resulted from the 'feedback' effect. In recent decades, the research surrounding IDAs has garnered escalating interest due to their attractive attributes. This review centers its focus on the recent development on the fabrication of IDA electrodes as well as their applications leveraging the unique electrochemical and structural features. In fabrication, two critical breakthroughs are poised for realization: the achievement of reduced dimensions and the diversification of materials. Established fabrication methods for IDA electrodes encompass photolithography, inkjet printing, and direct laser writing, each affording distinct advantages in terms of size and precision. Photolithography enables the creation with finer structures and higher resolution compared to others. Inkjet printing or laser writing provides a simpler, more cost-effective, and straightforward patterning process, albeit with lower resolution. In terms of applications, IDAs have found utility in diverse fields. This review summarizes recent applications based on their fundamental working principles, encompassing redox cycling, resistance modulation, capacitance variations, and more. This specialized tool shows great promise for further development with enhanced properties. It is also important to note that, micron- or sub-micron-sized IDAs generally cannot be reused, as their small structures cannot be polished. Therefore, controlling the cost of IDA fabrication is crucial for promoting their broader application. Ad

关键词： interdigitated array electrodes dual-working-electrode mode redox cycling fabrication applications

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The in situ investigation of the polyaniline-derived N-doped carbon with the interdigitated array electrodes towards the oxygen reduction reaction

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JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022年第8期26卷 1693-1702页

作者： Tao, Keyu Hao, Yanan He, Xinyu Liang, Yanping Liu, Fei Xidian Univ Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Smart Sensing Sch Adv Mat & Nanotechnol Xian 710126 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Nowadays, tremendous effort has been made in searching clean, high-efficient and sustainable energy, and related energy conversion methods. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), as one of the fundamental reactions for energy utilization, has drawn a lot of attention. Understanding the reaction process and exploring the active sites are extremely important for designing new catalysts and improving the catalytic ability. In this paper, the interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes, which show high collection efficiency and sensitivity, are proposed to explore the catalytic ability and the reaction process. With this special tool, the in situ preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon (N/C) has been realized with the pyrolysis of polyaniline (PANI) on the IDA electrodes directly. Two things should be noticed: First, this method can be used as a simple way to obtain the N/C and be used as a potential substitution catalyst for the noble metal towards the ORR for its low cost and relatively high activity;Second, the in situ preparation of catalyst on the electrode surface largely eliminated the possible electron transfer barrier between the catalyst and the electrode surface, and the high collection efficiency of the IDA electrodes ensures the detection of species with low concentration or short lifetime, therefore, the sensitivity of detection is largely improved. It demonstrates that the polyaniline-derived N/C was successfully synthesized on the micron-sized electrode surface with precise control of boundaries. The electron transfer number and corresponding percentage yield of H2O2 were detected and calculated in real time. The catalyst prepared with 700 degrees C shows the highest electron transfer numbers in the reaction process and the lowest percentage yield of H2O2. The content of the pyridinic nitrogen may play a crucial role in catalyzing the ORR. The idea of in situ synthetization and investigation of reaction process with IDA electrodes can be applied to study other catalyti

关键词： Polyaniline interdigitated array electrodes Oxygen reduction reaction

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The real-time investigation of the nickel-iron hydroxide catalyzed oxygen evolution reaction with interdigitated array electrodes

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NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021年第37期32卷 375706-375706页

作者： Liu, Fei Zhang, Jie Wu, Weiwei Zhang, Peng Ma, Xiaohua Tao, Keyu Wang, Tongtong Wang, Qi Xidian Univ Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Smart Sensing Sch Adv Mat & Nanotechnol Xian 710126 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ State Key Lab Multiphase Flow Power Engn MFPE Int Res Ctr Renewable Energy IRCRE 28 West Xianning Rd Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Microelect Xian 710126 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), one of the most important members in clean and efficient energy conversion, requires increasing studies on reaction process analysis, catalyst investigation and evaluation and so on through in situ experiments. The bottleneck is the difficulties on clear and precise understanding towards the multi-step reactions with fast reaction rates. interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes with sensitive responses on the generation, transfer and collection of reaction products are proposed and utilized as a convenient and effective tool to in situ monitor and characterize the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics information. Herein, nickel-iron hydroxide, a promising and novel OER catalyst, is chosen as the candidate to demonstrate the merit of IDA on studying the OER. With the generator-collector mode, the real-time oxygen evolution process is monitored precisely with the IDA collector, distinguished it from the general catalytic current which is normally recorded with conventional electrochemical method. In another word, the actual faradaic efficiency was observed experimentally with IDA electrodes, which is often misled as 100% in many works. The diffusion of the reaction products has been 'seen' as well with the generator-collector mode. This general tool (IDA) may make more contributions on the study of reaction process of all electrocatalytical reactions.

关键词： interdigitated array electrodes NiFe oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis in situ

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Fabrication of Carbon-Platinum interdigitated array electrodes and Their Application for Investigating Homogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis

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JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015年第9期162卷 H645-H650页

作者： Liu, Fei Divan, Ralu Parkinson, B. A. Univ Wyoming Sch Energy Resources Dept Chem Laramie WY 82071 USA Argonne Natl Lab Ctr Nanoscale Mat Lemont IL 60439 USA

interdigitated array electrodes (IDAEs) with one carbon electrode and the other platinum electrode were constructed by electrode-positing platinum on one set of the carbon electrodes. Platinum deposition was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry. The width of the carbon and platinum digits is less than 2 mu m and the gap between two adjacent digits is around 3 mu m. The carbon-platinum IDAEs benefit from the characteristics of both carbon and platinum in that carbon can provide a wide nonreactive potential window while platinum is a good catalyst for hydrogen reactions making it useful to characterize the catalytic hydrogen production cycle of the molecular electrocatalyst [Ni((P2N2Ph)-N-Ph)(2)(CH3CN)](BF4)(2) (where (P2N2Ph)-N-Ph is 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane). With properly set potentials, the molecular electrocatalyst was reduced at the carbon digits to initiate a homogeneous H-2 production reaction while the platinum digits detect the H-2 by oxidation, providing direct evidence of its production rate from the catalytic cycles. (C) The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogen electrocatalysis interdigitated array electrodes

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Simulation-based study on a dual-circuit design for achieving continuous power generation in Ge-sensitized thermal cells under isothermal conditions

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ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT 2025年 331卷

作者： Chen, Keting Tohnishi, Mie Matsutani, Akihiro Matsushita, Sachiko Inst Sci Tokyo Dept Mat Sci & Engn J2Bldg 14104259 NagatsutaMidori ku Yokohama Kanagawa 2268503 Japan Inst Sci Tokyo Core Facil Ctr R1Bldg A2034259 NagatsutaMidori ku Yokohama Kanagawa 2268503 Japan ElleThermo Ltd Inst Sci Tokyo INDEST 3FShibaura 3-3-6Minato ku Tokyo 1080023 Japan

The semiconductor-sensitized thermal cell (STC) is a groundbreaking thermoelectric technology capable of converting low-temperature heat (<200 degrees C) directly into electricity. It is based on a redox reaction initiated by thermally excited carriers in a semiconductor. One of its most appealing features is that once the STC reaches discharge termination, power generation can be restored by turning off the switch and leaving it in the heat source. However, during this recovery period, no power is generated, which significantly affects the efficiency of the STC system. To address this issue, this study proposes a dual-circuit STC model utilizing interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes, designed to eliminate recovery time and enable continuous power generation by alternating between two circuits within a single STC. Simulation and experimental methods were employed to assess the performance of this model. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations of the battery structure confirm that circuit switching triggers the redox reaction in the alternate circuit with sufficient reactant ions, enabling continuous discharge. Experimental results validate the continuous power generation observed in the fabricated cells. The dual-circuit system achieves an open circuit voltage Voc of approximately 270 mV (for both circuits) and a short circuit current Isc of around 0.30 mu A (Jsc of 5 mu A/cm(2)), demonstrating significant potential for application in IoT devices.

关键词： Thermoelectric Thermal energy conversion Renewable energy Dye-sensitized solar cell Comb electrodes interdigitated array electrodes Semiconductor

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High-Frequency interdigitated array Electrode-Based Capacitive Biosensor for Protein Detection

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BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2019年第4期13卷 403-415页

作者： Tuan Vu Quoc Viet Nguyen Ngoc Tung Thanh Bui Jen, Chun-Ping Trinh Chu Duc Vietnam Acad Sci & Technol Inst Appl Phys & Sci Instrument Hanoi Vietnam Natl Chung Cheng Univ Dept Mech Engn Chiayi Taiwan Vietnam Natl Univ Univ Engn & Technol Hanoi Vietnam

This paper reports a study on developing of a protein detection biochip based on interdigitated array electrodes (IDAEs) capacitive immunosensor. The protein after being preconcentrated in a detection region will be selectively captured and detected by the capacitive immunosensor. Using electrical impedance spectroscopy operated at high-frequency in the range of 100 kHz-1 MHz, the capacitance of the gold electrode is determined and the antibody surface modification steps can be also monitored. The experiment results show the capacitance changes in accordance with the adding biochemical layer on gold electrodes for each step of the antibody surface modification. In particular, the total impedance operated at 1 MHz frequency has been seen to change from 2.1 k omega of bare chip (before antibody surface modification) to 8 k omega after antibody surface modification process while the serial capacitance is recorded to reduce steadily from 450 pF to 55 pF. Also, the efficiency of protein chip was investigated by implementing the measurement of 10 mu M BSA with and without preconcentration process. The measurement results have shown the sensitivity increasing significantly after the protein is preconcentrated in this chip. The results demonstrate high efficiency of protein detection can be achieved by operating high frequency capacitive measurement on IDAEs capacitive immunosensor.

关键词： Capacitive immunosensor interdigitated array electrodes Protein preconcentration Protein detection Impedance spectroscopy

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In situ detection of the product of the CoPi-catalyzed oxygen evolution reaction

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ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS 2020年 121卷 106851-106851页

作者： Liu, Fei Zhang, Peng Ma, Xiaohua Wang, Qi Liang, Yanping Parkinson, B. A. Xidian Univ Sch Adv Mat & Nanotechnol Xian 710126 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Int Res Ctr Renewable Energy IRCRE State Key Lab Multiphase Flow Power Engn MFPE 28 West Xianning Rd Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Microelect Xian 710126 Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Wyoming Sch Energy Resources Dept Chem Laramie WY 82071 USA

The in situ detection of the product of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyzed by cobalt phosphate (CoPi) was achieved with interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes. For this purpose, CoPi and Pt were electrodeposited on the two working electrodes of an IDA, the generator and the collector. The CoPi-catalyzed OER could then be analyzed on the IDA generator and the reaction product, O-2, could be detected immediately by the closely arrayed Pt IDA collector electrode. The CoPi-Pt IDA reveals a clear O-2 evolution process corresponding to the different oxidation states of the catalyst for the OER and provides information regarding the existence of higher cobalt oxidation states. The turnover frequencies are also calculated using the IDA results. In addition, continuous O-2 production and detection was achieved by holding the CoPi generator at a constant higher potential with the Pt collector at a reducing potential measuring O-2 from the generator. The collection efficiency is above 90%, meaning that 90% of the O-2 product is measured in situ by the IDA collector. Other electrocatalytic reactions of interest could be similarly investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively using IDA electrodes operating in the generator-collector mode.

关键词： CoPi Electrocatalyst interdigitated array electrodes

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GOLD NANOPARTICLE-CARBON NANOWIRE HYBRID interdigitated array NANOelectrodes FOR ENHANCING ELECTROCHEMICAL SINGNAL AMPLIFICATION

GOLD NANOPARTICLE-CARBON NANOWIRE HYBRID INTERDIGITATED ARRA...

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International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems

作者： Y. Lim B. Lee J. Heo H. Shin Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)

ISBN: (纸本)9781467359825

We previously presented 3D glassy carbon interdigitated array (IDA) nanoelectrodes fabricated using carbon-MEMS process consisting of UV lithography and pyrolysis [1];this simple batch process converts a microscale polymer structure into a glassy carbon nanostructure due to a high volume reduction in pyrolysis. In spite of the simple fabrication of the 3D glassy carbon nanostructures, the redox cycling current signal amplification was limited by the reduction of aspect ratio of glassy carbon nanoelectrodes due to the anisotropic volume reduction. In this paper, we present a 3D carbon IDA nanoelectrode integrated with gold nanoparticles grown using electrodeposition. This hybridization of the nanoparticles and the carbon electrode enhances the electrode surface and current signal amplification.

关键词： Electrodeposition Gold nanoparticles Carbon nanoelectrode interdigitated array electrodes

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Microbead-based electrochemical immunoassay with interdigitated array electrodes

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ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2004年第2期328卷 113-122页

作者： Thomas, JH Kim, SK Hesketh, PJ Halsall, HB Heineman, WR Univ Cincinnati Dept Chem Cincinnati OH 45221 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Mech Engn Bioengn Program Atlanta GA 30332 USA

The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and miniaturized immunoassay by coupling a microbead-based immunoassay with an interdigitated array (IDA) electrode. An IDA electrode amplifies the signal by recycling an electrochemically redox-reversible molecule. The microfabricated platinum electrodes had 25 pairs of electrodes with 1.6-mum gaps and 2.4-mum widths. An enzyme-labeled sandwich immunoassay on paramagnetic microbeads with mouse IgG as the analyte and beta-galactosidase as the enzyme label was used as the model system. beta-Galactosidase converted p-aminophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside to p-aminophenol (PAP). This enzyme reaction was measured continuously by positioning the microbeads near the electrode surface with a magnet. Electrochemical recycling occurred with PAP oxidation to p-quinone imine (PQI) at +290 mV followed by PQI reduction to PAP at -300 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Dual-electrode detection amplified the signal fourfold compared to single-electrode detection, and the recycling efficiency reached 87%. A calibration curve of PAP concentration vs anodic current was linear between 10(-4) and 10(-6) M. A signal from 1000 beads in a 20-muL drop was detectable and the immunoassay was complete within 10 min with a detection limit of 3.5 x 10(-15) mol mouse IgG. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： interdigitated array electrodes electrochemical immunoassay p-aminophenol beta-galactosidase paramagnetic microbeads

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Electrochemical microfluidic biosensor for the detection of nucleic acid sequences

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LAB ON A CHIP 2006年第3期6卷 414-421页

作者： Goral, VN Zaytseva, NV Baeumner, AJ Cornell Univ Dept Biol & Environm Engn Ithaca NY 14853 USA

A microfluidic biosensor with electrochemical detection for the quantification of nucleic acid sequences was developed. In contrast to most microbiosensors that are based on fluorescence for signal generation, it takes advantage of the simplicity and high sensitivity provided by an amperometric and coulorimetric detection system. An interdigitated ultramicroelectrode array (IDUA) was fabricated in a glass chip and integrated directly with microchannels made of poly( dimethylsiloxane) ( PDMS). The assembly was packaged into a Plexiglas(R) housing providing fluid and electrical connections. IDUAs were characterized amperometrically and using cyclic voltammetry with respect to static and dynamic responses for the presence of a reversible redox couple - potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)/hexacyanoferrate(III) (ferri/ferrocyanide). A combined concentration of 0.5 mu M of ferro/ferricyanide was determined as lower limit of detection with a dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude. Background signals were negligible and the IDUA responded in a highly reversible manner to the injection of various volumes and various concentrations of the electrochemical marker. For the detection of nucleic acid sequences, liposomes entrapping the electrochemical marker were tagged with a DNA probe, and superparamagnetic beads were coated with a second DNA probe. A single stranded DNA target sequence hybridized with both probes. The sandwich was captured in the microfluidic channel just upstream of the IDUA via a magnet located in the outside housing. Liposomes were lysed using a detergent and the amount of released ferro/ferricyanide was quantified while passing by the IDUA. Optimal location of the magnet with respect to the IDUA was investigated, the effect of dextran sulfate on the hybridization reaction was studied and the amount of magnetic beads used in the assay was optimized. A dose response curve using varying concentrations of target DNA molecules was carried out demonstrating a limit o

关键词： interdigitated array electrodes MICROCHIP CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS VOLTAMMETRIC DETECTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY SYSTEMS CHIP MICROELECTRODE OPTIMIZATION IMMUNOASSAY

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