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Being a 'Purist' in Hong Kong: To Use or Not to Use mixed code

CHANGING ENGLISH-STUDIES IN CULTURE AND EDUCATION 2010年第4期17卷 411-419页

作者： Sung, Chit Univ Lancaster Dept Linguist & English Language Appl Linguist Lancaster England

This paper reports on my first-hand experiences of being a 'purist' in Hong Kong, during which time I was not allowed to use mixed code, a common discursive practice among Hongkongers in Hong Kong. I shall discuss the difficulties in using 'pure' English and 'pure' Chinese in my daily life, as well as exploring the problems I encountered when I used 'pure' English in teaching English to a small group of ESL students at a primary school in Hong Kong. I argue that mixed code is very much characteristic of everyday language use by most Hongkongers and represents an important marker of their ethno-linguistic identity. In relation to language teaching, I suggest that mixed code may be usefully adopted in teaching English in Hong Kong, rather than being shunned at all costs.

关键词： code-switching mixed code ethno-linguistics English teaching Hong Kong

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Inhomogeneous quantum codes （II）： non-additive case

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Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2012年第3期7卷 573-586页

作者： Weiyang WANG Keqin FENG School of Mathematical Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China Department of Mathematical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

The quantum codes have been generalized to inhomogeneous case and the stabilizer construction has been established to get additive inhomogeneous quantum codes in [Sei. China Math., 2010, 53： 2501-2510]. In this paper, we generalize the known constructions to construct non-additive inhomogeneous quantum codes and get examples of good d-ary quantum codes.

关键词： Quantum code inhomogeneous code mixed code finite abeliangroup character quadratic generalized boolean function

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A diachronic investigation of Hindi-English code-switching, using Bollywood film scripts

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 2011年第4期15卷 388-407页

作者： Si, Aung Australian Natl Univ Sch Culture Hist & Language Coll Asia & Pacific Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

code-switching (CS) between an Indian language and (Indian) English is, and has long been, a normal feature of everyday speech in urban Indian society. Although much has been written about the status and role of English, and about the sociological variables associated with English usage in India, there have been, to date, no studies explicitly investigating changes in CS patterns over time. Bollywood movies are a rich source of information on the speech patterns of urban Indians throughout most of India's post-independence history. CS patterns in Bollywood movies (from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s) were therefore investigated in this study, by means of lexical transcripts of the dialogues between characters of equivalent age and socioeconomic status. A survey of seven movie dialogues revealed that CS can be accomplished through a range of syntactic and morphological strategies. Quantitative analyses showed a massive increase in the overall use of English over this period, a trend particularly evident among young speakers. Moreover, the complexity of CS increased over the period under consideration, with 'alternations' at clause boundaries increasing in frequency at the expense of single-word 'insertions'.

关键词： Bollywood code-switching diachronic mixed code

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Inhomogenous quantum codes (I): additive case

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中国科学：数学（英文版） 2010年第9期53卷 2501-2510页

作者： WANG WeiYang FENG RongQuan FENG KeQin School of Mathematical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China Department of Mathematical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

In this paper, the quantum error-correcting codes are generalized to the inhomogenous quantum-state space \( \mathbb{C}^{q_1 } \otimes \mathbb{C}^{q_2 } \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathbb{C}^{q_n }\), where q_i (1 ? i ? n) are arbitrary positive integers. By attaching an abelian group A_i of order q_i to the space Cqi \( \mathbb{C}^{q_1 } \left( {1 \leqslant i \leqslant n} \right) \), we present the stabilizer construction of such inhomogenous quantum codes, called additive quantum codes, in term of the character theory of the abelian group A = A₁⊕A₂⊕...⊕?_n. As usual case, such construction opens a way to get inhomogenous quantum codes from the classical mixed linear codes. We also present Singleton bound for inhomogenous additive quantum codes and show several quantum codes to meet such bound by using classical mixed algebraic-geometric codes.

关键词： quantum code mixed code character finite abelian group algebraic-geometric code stabilizer

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Language learners' use of discourse markers as evidence for a mixed code

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International Journal of Bilingualism 2006年第1期10卷 89-109页

作者： Liebscher, Grit University of Alberta Canada University of Waterloo Canada

Against the backdrop of the language classroom as a bilingual community of practice, this paper focuses on learners' use of discourse markers in one advanced German language classroom. As in other bilingual communities, the learners in the data exhibit phenomena that are characteristic for various stages along the continuum from codeswitching to mixed code (Auer, 1998). In analyzing the data for functional distribution of pairs of German and English discourse markers as used by the students, we find that the discourse markers ‘sO’and ‘alsO’have specialized functionally on the level of the entire classroom community of practice, causing a structural division of labor between the two markers, and thus exhibiting evidence of a later stage of a mixed code. Our focus is primarily on the ways in which these practices are meaningful to the community rather than on how practices may originate from contact phenomena such as language transfer. We also draw attention to the importance of working across the fields of second language acquisition and bilingualism, since language learners in a classroom where the use of more than one language is allowed may develop similar practices to those found in natural bilingual settings. © 2006, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词： classroom interaction discourse markers mixed code

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Further results on the covering radius of small codes

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DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 2007年第1期307卷 69-77页

作者： Keri, Gerzson Ostergard, Patric R. J. Hungarian Acad Sci Comp & Automat Res Inst H-1111 Budapest Hungary Helsinki Univ Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Helsinki 02015 Finland

The minimum number of codewords in a code with t ternary and b binary coordinates and covering radius R is denoted by K (t, b, R). In the paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for K (t, b, R) = M are given for M = 6 and 7 by proving that there exist exactly three families of optimal codes with six codewords and two families of optimal codes with seven codewords. The cases M <= 5 were settled in an earlier study by the same authors. For binary codes, it is proved that K (0, 2b + 4, b) >= 9 for b >= 1. For ternary codes, it is shown that K (3t + 2, 0, 2t) = 9 for 1 >= 2. New upper bounds obtained include K (3t + 4, 0, 2t) <= 36 for t <= 2. Thus, we have K (13, 0, 6) <= 36 (instead of 45, the previous best known upper bound). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： covering code covering radius mixed code subjective code

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An updated table of binary/ternary mixed covering codes

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JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL DESIGNS 2004年第3期12卷 157-176页

作者： Bertolo, R Östergård, PRJ Weakley, WD Helsinki Univ Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn FIN-02015 Helsinki Finland Indiana Univ Purdue Univ Dept Math Sci Ft Wayne IN 46805 USA

An updated table of K-2.3 (b, t;R)-the minimum cardinality of a code with b binary coordinates, t ternary coordinates, and covering radius R-is presented for b + t less than or equal to 13. R less than or equal to 3. The results include new explanations of short binary and ternary covering codes, several new constructions and codes, and a general lower bound for R = 1. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： bounds on codes covering radius football pool problem mixed code

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Classification of binary/ternary one-error-correcting codes

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DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 2000年第1-3期223卷 253-262页

作者： Östergard, PRJ Helsinki Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn & Sci Helsinki 02015 Finland

Error-correcting codes with both binary and ternary coordinates are considered. The maximum cardinality of such a code with n(2) binary coordinates, n(3) ternary coordinates, and minimum distance d is denoted by N(n(2), n(3), d). A computer-aided method based on backtrack search and isomorph rejection is here used to settle many values of N(n(2), n(3), 3);several new upper bounds on this function are also obtained. For small parameters, a complete classification of optimal codes is carried out. It is shown that the maximum cardinality of a ternary one-error-correcting code of length 6 is 38 and that this code is unique. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： backtrack search code equivalence error-correcting code mixed code

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CONSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFECT mixed codeS AND OTHER COVERING codeS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 1993年第1期39卷 209-214页

作者： ETZION, T GREENBERG, G TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL DEPT MATHIL-32000 HAIFAISRAEL

A construction for an infinite family of perfect mixed codes with covering radius 2 is presented. These are the first known nontrivial perfect mixed codes with covering radius greater than 1. Based on mixed codes constructions for binary covering codes that lead to a considerable improvement of upper bounds on the sizes of covering codes are presented. These codes and some other codes can be obtained by the blockwise direct sum construction. Two infinite families of codes are of a special interest, they are quasi-perfect, nonlinear, union of their disjoint translates covers the space, and their density as covering codes is remarkably low.

关键词： COMBINING codeS COVERING codeS HAMMING code mixed code NORMAL code PERFECT code PREPARATA code QUASI-PERFECT code

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