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Determinants of Commute Distance in South East Queensland, Australia: Implications for usage-based pricing in Lower-density Urban Settings

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URBAN POLICY AND RESEARCH 2021年第3期39卷 292-307页

作者： Sen, Suman Charles, Michael B. Harrison, Jennifer L. Southern Cross Univ Fac Business Law & Arts Bilinga Australia

usage-based road charges are expected to reduce the use of private vehicles. To assess this assumption, this study investigates the factors currently influencing commute distance in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. A multiple regression model was estimated to identify the significant determinants of commute distance, followed by a hierarchical regression analysis to ascertain the contribution of personal characteristics, household characteristics, work-related characteristics and accessibility. We conclude that many commuters would remain captive private vehicle usersuntil accessibility improves, and other transport modes offer viable commuting options. Alternatively, the pricing scheme should be adapted to suit local contexts.

关键词： Road pricing urban transport transport accessibility commuter behaviour usage-based pricing

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usage-based road pricing and potential equity issues: A study of commuters in South East Queensland, Australia

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2022年第0期118卷 33-43页

作者： Sen, Suman Charles, Michael B. Harrison, Jennifer L. Southern Cross Univ Fac Business Law & Arts Lismore NSW Australia Southern Cross Univ Gold Coast CampusLocked Mail Bag 4 Bilinga Qld 4225 Australia

usage-based pricing has gained significant traction in recent times with respect to addressing transport challenges. Since such pricing is still in its infancy, at least in the context of urban transport, it is important to understand its implications and, to be specific, any potential equity issues. based on a hypothetical usage-based pricing scheme together with 2009-2012 Household Travel Survey data of commuters residing in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia, the results indicate that usage-based road pricing will lead to both horizontal and vertical inequity for some commuters. Most importantly, a greater percentage of these commuters are already transport and socio-economically disadvantaged. They will have no choice but to compromise their quality of life and bear addition financial burdens in the absence of feasible travel alternatives. To ensure that these social costs do not outweigh the benefits, improving the quality of urban transport systems and its integration with urban form and land use, will be required. Until this is achieved, policy makers should incorporate some form of spatial and/or temporal variability within usage-based road pricing in the studied, and similar, urban contexts.

关键词： usage-based pricing Transport policy Social equity Commute distance Urban transport

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usage-based pricing and Competition in Congestible Network Service Markets

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IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 2016年第5期24卷 3084-3097页

作者： Ma, Richard T. B. Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore 117418 Singapore

As Internet traffic grows exponentially due to the pervasive Internet accesses via mobile devices and increasing adoptions of cloud-based applications, broadband providers start to shift from flat-rate to usage-based pricing, which has gained support from regulators such as the FCC. We consider generic congestion-prone network services and study usage-based pricing of service providers under market competition. based on a novel model that captures users' preferences over price and congestion alternatives, we derive the induced congestion and market share of the service providers under a market equilibrium and design algorithms to calculate them. By analyzing different market structures, we reveal how users' value on usage and sensitivity to congestion influence the optimal price, revenue, and competition of service providers, as well as the social welfare. We also obtain the conditions under which monopolistic providers have strong incentives to implement service differentiation via Paris Metro pricing and whether regulators should encourage such practices.

关键词： Network economics usage-based pricing

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usage-based pricing and Demand for Residential Broadband

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ECONOMETRICA 2016年第2期84卷 411-443页

作者： Nevo, Aviv Turner, John L. Williams, Jonathan W. Northwestern Univ Dept Econ 2001 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA NBER Cambridge MA 02138 USA Univ Georgia Dept Econ Brooks Hall Athens GA 30602 USA Univ N Carolina Dept Econ Gardner Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

We estimate demand for residential broadband using high-frequency data from subscribers facing a three-part tariff. The three-part tariff makes data usage during the billing cycle a dynamic problem, thus generating variation in the (shadow) price of usage. We provide evidence that subscribers respond to this variation, and we use their dynamic decisions to estimate a flexible distribution of willingness to pay for different plan characteristics. Using the estimates, we simulate demand under alternative pricing and find that usage-based pricing eliminates low-value traffic. Furthermore, we show that the costs associated with investment in fiber-optic networks are likely recoverable in some markets, but that there is a large gap between social and private incentives to invest.

关键词： Demand broadband dynamics usage-based pricing

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Consequences of usage-based pricing in industrial markets

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JOURNAL OF REVENUE AND pricing MANAGEMENT 2015年第3期14卷 140-154页

作者： Stoppel, Eduard Roth, Stefan Univ Kaiserslautern Fac Business Studies & Econ POB 3049 D-67653 Kaiserslautern Germany

In industrial sales providers often neglect the potential for revenues in the customer's usage processes after the actual transaction. However, innovative providers tend to shift revenues to the usage phase by setting prices according to actual service usage. In this article, we discuss the consequences of usage-based pricing in a twofold manner: First, we point out the potentials of usage-based pricing. Here, we show the additional value proposition when usage-based costs and risks are shifted from customers to providers as well as the opportunities and challenges of adopting that pricing scheme. Second, we analyze the profit impact of a usage-based pricing scheme in comparison with posted-price selling. The findings show that usage-based pricing can help discriminate customers by their usage intensity. With low usage-independent costs, usage-based pricing is more profitable than posted-price selling, even though providers must cover usage-based costs with that pricing scheme. With high usage-independent costs, providers should consider a minimum usage level or improve their advantage over customers in terms of usage-based costs.

关键词： usage-based pricing pay-per-use value-in-use value-based pricing solution pricing

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Product Selling vs. Pay-Per-Use Service: A Strategic Analysis of Competing Business Models

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MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022年第7期68卷 4964-4982页

作者： Ladas, Konstantinos Kavadias, Stylianos Loch, Christoph Univ Cambridge Judge Business Sch Cambridge CB2 1AG England

We present a model that suggests possible explanations for the observed proliferation of "pay-per-use" (PPU) business models over the last two decades. Delivering "fractions" of a product as a service offers a cost advantage to customers with lower usage but requires extra delivery costs. Previous research focused on information goods (with negligible production costs) and predicted that PPU, when arising as a differentiation to selling in equilibrium, would fundamentally achieve lower profits than selling. We extend the theory by covering goods with any production cost in duopolistic competition. We show that PPU business models can be more profitable than selling (especially at midrange production costs), as long as their delivery costs are not too high, a requirement that is more easily fulfilled as new technologies reduce these costs. Moreover, if firms are imperfectly informed about their customers' usage profiles, PPU's effective pricing of customers' varying usage offers an additional advantage over selling. This requires companies to employ accounting methods that do not inappropriately allocate production costs over stochastic usage levels. If PPU service provision suffers from queueing inefficiencies, this does not fundamentally change the relative profitability of the PPU and selling models, provided that PPU providers can attract sufficiently high demand to benefit from pooling economies.

关键词： pricing strategy usage-based pricing pay-per-use business models

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Nonlinear pricing of Software with Local Demand Inelasticity

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2020年第4期31卷 1224-1239页

作者： Xin, Mingdi Sundararajan, Arun Univ Calif Irvine Paul Merage Sch Business Irvine CA 92697 USA NYU Stern Sch Business New York NY 10012 USA

Nonlinear usage-based pricing is applied extensively in software markets. Different from other products, customers of software products usually cannot vary their required usage volume, a property we label local demand inelasticity. For instance, a client firm that needs a sales force automation software either buys one user license for every salesperson in its organization or does not buy at all. It is unlikely to buy licenses for some salespersons but not the others. This demand feature violates a critical assumption of the standard nonlinear pricing literature that consumers are flexible with their usage volume, and their valuation changes smoothly with usage volume. Consequently, standard nonlinear pricing solutions are inapplicable to many software products. This paper studies the optimal nonlinear usage-based pricing of software when customers' demand is locally inelastic. This unique demand feature necessitates a new approach to solve the nonlinear pricing problem. We provide the solution to a complicated nonlinear pricing problem with discontinuous and inelastic individual demand functions, with virtually no restriction on demand distribution, and no single-crossing restriction on valuation functions. We show that under a weak ordering condition of customer types, this complex pricing problem can be decomposed into a set of much simpler subproblems with known solutions. Our pricing solution is easily implementable and applicable to a broad range of demand systems, including those described by the families of exponential and normal distributions. Moreover, local demand inelasticity has a critical impact on key efficiency results. Although in standard nonlinear pricing models, the optimal pricing schedule typically involves distortion (deviation from the first best) at all but one point, this is no longer the case with local demand inelasticity. We characterize the conditions under which the optimal nonlinear pricing strategy involves quantity discounts and com

关键词： nonlinear pricing usage-based pricing software pricing local demand inelasticity discontinuous utility function piecewise linear utility function

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The conceptualization of pricing schemes: From product-centric to customer-centric value approaches

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JOURNAL OF REVENUE AND pricing MANAGEMENT 2017年第1期16卷 76-90页

作者： Stoppel, Eduard Roth, Stefan Univ Kaiserslautern Fac Business Studies & Econ POB 3049 D-67653 Kaiserslautern Germany

Using different conceptualizations of value, the literature provides various approaches to value-based pricing. Against this background, this article examines the suitability of product-centric and customer-centric pricing schemes for a value-based pricing strategy. In this context, we elaborate a conceptualization of the term "pricing scheme'' and provide a classification of different kinds of product-and customer-centric pricing schemes by means of their measurement unit. The focus of this article is on analyzing innovative customer-centric pricing schemes and their consequences. To support our analysis, we examine case studies and conduct expert interviews to gain insights into the experience of executive marketing managers using customer-centric pricing schemes successfully. The results show that customer-centric pricing schemes are more aligned with the customer's value-in-use, they shift the revenues from transactions to the customer's usage phase, and they are useful to strengthen the relationship between customer and provider.

关键词： usage-based pricing pay-per-use value co-creation value-in-use pricing model customer solutions

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A critical survey of the literature on broadband data caps

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 2017年第9期41卷 813-837页

作者： Jordan, Scott Univ Calif Irvine Dept Comp Sci 3019 Bren Hall Irvine CA 92697 USA

Proponents and opponents of data caps make conflicting claims about the effect of data caps on prices, network capacity and speeds, subscription, congestion, and consumer surplus. In this paper, we survey the academic literature on data caps and analyze the relationship between the characteristics of each paper's model or data and the paper's results. We find that model or data assumptions about service differentiation, purpose of the data cap, and amount of competition strongly influence each paper's results. Consequently, conclusions about the effect of data caps are often limited to certain types of service providers (fixed or mobile) and/or to certain types of data caps (heavy-users or profit-maximizing). We find that most proponents' claims about data caps in fixed broadband service are incorrect, and that most proponents' claims about data caps in mobile broadband service are likely to be correct if and only if data caps increase competition. We also discuss how data caps may be evaluated under the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order. We find that heavy-users caps on mobile broadband service are likely to satisfy the Order's rules, that profit maximizing caps on mobile broadband service may or may not satisfy the rules, and that caps on fixed broadband service are unlikely to satisfy the rules.

关键词： Broadband Internet access service Data caps usage-based pricing Network management Open internet

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Green Cellular Demand Control with User-in-the-loop Enabled by Smart Data pricing using an Effective Quantum (eBit) Tariff 84

Green Cellular Demand Control with User-in-the-loop Enabled ...

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84th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)

作者： Schoenen, Rainer Sokun, Hamza Umit Yanikomeroglu, Halim HAW Hamburg Univ Appl Sci Hamburg Germany Carleton Univ Dept Syst & Comp Engn Ottawa ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781509017010

Mobile communications demand for data grows almost two-fold every year and cellular capacity cannot catch up with this in every location and at every point in time. Not only will congestion situations appear more frequently and severely, but also every increase of data transmitted and every new infrastructure point rolled out in order to catch up with that demand is going to consume more total power. One approach towards greener communication is to reduce the actual demand. While technical solutions on Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers 1 trough 7 are already being exploited, "layer 8", the user, is the original cause of the exploding demand. It is naive to assume that all data is equally important and valuable. User-in-the-loop (UIL) is a paradigm which can exactly hook in at this point, and it suggests to postpone, relocate, abandon or offload less urgent demand by immediate feedback and strong incentives like discounts and penalties in certain situations (in case of congestion). In particular, this means dynamic prices depending on time, location, and congestion (load) status, similar to smart grid for electricity utilities. Accounting and billing with dynamic prices, value-added services, and smart data pricing can be a challenge, and such accounting and billing are utterly incompatible with the flat-rate (all-you-can-consume) concept. However, cellular customers are involuntarily locked into contracts, but it is the current practice in the market, which is not in accordance with the free market spirit. Flat-rate plans are practically dead, but those still luring with this name, while having caps on the maximum allowance, sell fixed-volume packages under a smoother name instead. Ultimately, we need to re-establish usage-based-pricing as a fairer and more favourable way of charging. In this paper we motivate the dynamic pricing of UIL and the upcoming new need for usage-based tariffs. We compare a few status-quo tariff plans with our novel effective quantu

关键词： Green demand control smart data pricing user-in-the-loop usage-based pricing

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