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Detecting Advanced Persistent Threat Exfiltration with Ensemble Deep Learning Tree Models and Novel Detection Metrics

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 81803-81822页

作者： Cai, Xiaojuan Zhang, Haibo Ahmed, Chuadhry Mujeeb Koide, Hiroshi Kyushu University Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Department of Information Science and Technology Fukuoka819-0395 Japan Kyushu Institute of Technology Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Department of Artificial Intelligence Fukuoka Iizuka820-8502 Japan Newcastle University School of Computing Secure and Resilient Systems Group Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RU United Kingdom Kyushu University Section of Cyber Security for Information Systems Research Institute for Information Technology Fukuoka819-0395 Japan

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) involve attackers maintaining a long-term presence on victim systems, leading to the stealthy exfiltration of sensitive data during network transfers. Despite existing methods to detect and halt APT data exfiltration, these attacks continue to pose significant threats to sensitive information and result in substantial commercial losses. Current approaches primarily focus on preemptive measures, which are insufficient once early-stage detection fails due to a lack of continuous monitoring. We propose an effective and efficient network monitoring method to address this gap and detect APT exfiltration during data transfer. Our approach assumes the presence of an undetected APT attacker within the victim system. We examine data exfiltration across three exfiltration traffic environments: exfiltration over command control channels, exfiltration over transfer size limitations, and their combinations. We introduce two detection metrics: Package Transfer Rate and Byte Transfer Rate. Utilizing these metrics, we measure network traffic, categorize APT attack environments, and train deep neural network models, named EDXGB, using ensembled decision trees to predict APT exfiltration. Our method is validated on two public datasets and compared against six baseline methods. Additionally, we simulate real-world exfiltration scenarios by creating three exfiltration traffic environments for each dataset. The results demonstrate that our method effectively detects APT exfiltration across various network environments, enhancing data protection and secure transfer. The code is open source and available at https://***/cxjuan/EDXGB-for-APT. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Sensitive data

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AFuNet: an attention-based fusion network to classify texts in a resource-constrained language

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第9期37卷 6725-6748页

作者： Hossain, Md. Rajib Hoque, Mohammed Moshiul Dewan, M. Ali Akber Hoque, Enamul Siddique, Nazmul Department of Computer Science & Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology Chittagong4349 Bangladesh School of Computing and Information Systems Faculty of Science and Technology Athabasca University AthabascaABT9S 3A3 Canada School of Information Technology York University TorontoONM3J 1P3 Canada School of Computing Engineering and Intelligent Systems Ulster University Coleraine United Kingdom

In the era of widespread Internet use and extensive social media interaction, the digital realm is accumulating vast amounts of unstructured text data. This unstructured data often contain undesirable information, necessitating time-consuming manual classification efforts. An intelligent text classification system capable of automatically categorizing digitized texts based on semantic meaning is crucial. However, this task is particularly challenging for low-resource languages like Bengali due to a shortage of annotated corpora, issues with out-of-vocabulary words, lack of domain-specific hyperparameter tuning, limited ability to extract generalized text features, and class imbalances within the corpus. AFuNet: an attention-based fusion network to classify texts in a resource-constrained language. AFuNet undergoes a comprehensive four-phase experimental process, including baseline model evaluation and hyperparameter tuning, late fusion and model selection, attention-based early fusion and model identification, and an ablation study with impact analysis. Fine-tuned based on five Bengali text classification corpora, AFuNet achieves impressive accuracies: 96.60 ± 0.2 (BTCC11), 85.37 ± 0.2 (OSBC), 97.35 ± 0.2 (BARD), 93.74 ± 0.2 (IndicNLP), and 96.51 ± 0.2 (ProthomAlo). In comparison with previous state-of-the-art models on these corpora, AFuNet demonstrates significant accuracy improvements ranging from 0.54% to 4.49%, showcasing its effectiveness in advancing text classification capabilities for the Bengali language. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Semantics

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A Design Study on Integrated Complex Coefficient Filters with Peripheral Circuits for Accurate Frequency Response Measurement

IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems

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IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, information and systems 2025年第1期145卷 16-24页

作者： Shouno, Kazuhiro Sato, Lina Fukagawa, Kanta Tanimoto, Hiroshi Muto, Cosy Division of Information Engineering University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennoudai Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8573 Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering Master’s Program in Computer Science University of Tsukuba Japan Kitami Institute of Technology 165 Koen-cho Hokkaido Kitami090-8507 Japan Faculty of Education Nagasaki University 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki852-8521 Japan

This paper proposes a measurement technique for an integrated complex filter. The proposed method is based on two measurement methods with integrated circuitry for calibration. It is accomplished by applying square waves to an FUT (Filter Under Test) instead of sinusoidal waves or by superposing transfer characteristics obtained by applying a single sinusoidal wave to an FUT. In both of the above methods, the output signal connected to the external measurement equipment via a 50 Ω coaxial cable and so on. In this case, the output signal of the FUT should be amplified by internal or external amplifiers, which degrades the response. However, it is cancelled out by the proposed calibration circuitry with some analog switches. In addition to the above, for the RC polyphase filter, the source resistance and the load capacitance degrade the measurement results and their effect is discussed. The validity of the proposal is confirmed through computer simulation for a third-order RCPF whose passband is 8–40 MHz fabricated by Phenitec 0.6 µm CMOS process. It is shown that the measurement error is −1.10 dB for the square-wave method and −1.00 dB and −0.43 degrees for the superposition method at 40 MHz. © 2025 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.

关键词： Capacitance

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Phase-bias-blind computational ghost imaging with optical phased array

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Optics Express 2025年第10期33卷 21132-21141页

作者： Hirata, Sota Matsuda, Naoki Komatsu, Kento Tanemura, Takuo Horisaki, Ryoichi Department of Information Physics and Computing Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan

We propose a method for computational ghost imaging (CGI) with an optical phased array (OPA), wherein phase biases on the phase shifters are intrinsically unknown. In our method, an object is illuminated with a number of light fields from the OPA using random phase shifts, and the light from the object is captured by a single-pixel detector. The object and the phase biases are simultaneously estimated from the measured intensity signals. We numerically demonstrate the proposed method. Furthermore, we present complex amplitude field acquisition in OPA-based CGI with intensity measurements performed without reference light by simply adding an iris to the detector. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

关键词： Computational imaging Imaging systems Phase shift Phased arrays Scattering media Spatial light modulators

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Linear Convergent Distributed Nash Equilibrium Seeking With Compression

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年第5期70卷 3316-3323页

作者： Chen, Xiaomeng Wu, Yuchi Yi, Xinlei Huang, Minyi Shi, Ling Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Hong Kong Shanghai University School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Shanghai200444 China College of Electronics and Information Engineering Tongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering Shanghai201804 China Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lab for Information & Decision Systems CambridgeMA02139 United States Carleton University School of Mathematics and Statistics OttawaONK1S 5B6 Canada

information compression techniques are majorly employed to reduce communication cost over peer-to-peer links. In this article, we investigate distributed Nash equilibrium (NE) seeking problems in a class of noncooperative games over directed graphs with information compression. To improve communication efficiency, a compressed distributed NE seeking (C-DNES) algorithm is proposed to obtain an NE for games, where the differences between decision vectors and their estimates are compressed. The proposed algorithm is compatible with a general class of compressors, including both unbiased and biased compressors. Moreover, our approach only requires the adjacency matrix of the directed graph to be row-stochastic, in contrast to past works that relied on balancedness or specific global network parameters. It is shown that C-DNES not only inherits the advantages of conventional distributed NE algorithms, achieving linear convergence rate for games with restricted strongly monotone mappings, but also saves communication costs in terms of transmitted bits. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the advantages of C-DNES in saving communication cost by an order of magnitude under different compressors. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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ClipArtGAN: An Application of Pix2Pix Generative Adversarial Network for Clip Art Generation

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-25页

作者： Elnabawy, Reham H. Abdennadher, Slim Hellwich, Olaf Eldawlatly, Seif Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany Computer Science and Engineering Department Faculty of Media Engineering and Technology German University in Cairo Cairo Egypt Computer Science Department Faculty of Informatics and Computer Science German International University New Administrative Capital Egypt Computer and Systems Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University 1 El-sarayat st. Abbassia Cairo Egypt Computer Science and Engineering Department The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt School of Information Technology New Giza University Giza Egypt

An image can convey a thousand words. This statement emphasizes the importance of illustrating ideas visually rather than writing them down. Although detailed image representation is typically instructive, there are several contexts where simplification of image representations may be more informative. One way to provide an abstract representation of an object is via clip art, which is a simple graphic illustration of an object that can be included in documents or presentations. Clip art representation can be utilized in graphic design for concepts expression and daily life objects illustration. Furthermore, clip art had shown remarkable advantages when compared to real images in terms of editing and manipulation since clip art geometry can be easily edited in addition to the feasibility of storing it in a resolution-independent manner. However, it can be difficult to automatically create clip arts that resemble any object. Here, we propose a novel deep learning model, named ClipArtGAN, that utilizes Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to convert a photo of an object to its corresponding clip art. To our knowledge, this is the first GAN model based on Pix2Pix architecture that is capable of automatically generating clip art for any arbitrary object. Three training datasets were collected to train and compare two GAN models based on Pix2Pix and CycleGAN architectures. Our results demonstrate that the mean accuracy obtained using ClipArtGAN utilizing Pix2Pix outperforms that of CycleGAN by 58% and that of Google Images-based search by 54%. These results indicate the efficacy of ClipArtGAN in generating representative clip art images. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Generative adversarial networks

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Segmentation of CAD models using hybrid representation

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虚拟现实与智能硬件(中英文) 2025年第2期7卷 188-202页

作者： Claude UWIMANA Shengdi ZHOU Limei YANG Zhuqing LI Norbelt MUTAGISHA Edouard NIYONGABO Bin ZHOU State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems School of Computer Science and EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Peace-Bay Academy of Virtual Reality Shenyang 110004China China Aerospace Systems Engineering Corporation Beijing 100070China Department of Signal and Information Processing Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Computer Science University of SherbrookeSherbrooke J1C0A1Canada

In this paper,we introduce an innovative method for computer-aided design(CAD)segmentation by concatenating meshes and CAD *** previous CAD segmentation methods have achieved impressive performance using single representations,such as meshes,CAD,and point ***,existing methods cannot effectively combine different three-dimensional model types for the direct conversion,alignment,and integrity maintenance of geometric and topological ***,we propose an integration approach that combines the geometric accuracy of CAD data with the flexibility of mesh representations,as well as introduce a unique hybrid representation that combines CAD and mesh models to enhance segmentation *** combine these two model types,our hybrid system utilizes advanced-neural-network techniques to convert CAD models into mesh *** complex CAD models,model segmentation is crucial for model retrieval and *** partial retrieval,it aims to segment a complex CAD model into several simple *** first component of our hybrid system involves advanced mesh-labeling algorithms that harness the digitization of CAD properties to mesh *** second component integrates labelled face features for CAD segmentation by leveraging the abundant multisemantic information embedded in CAD *** combination of mesh and CAD not only refines the accuracy of boundary delineation but also provides a comprehensive understanding of the underlying object *** study uses the Fusion 360 Gallery *** results indicate that our hybrid method can segment these models with higher accuracy than other methods that use single representations.

关键词： B-RepNet hybrid segmentation CAD models classification MeshCNN MeshCAD-Net

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A Zero-Sequence Current Analysis Approach for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor Drivetrain Based on Sparse Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2025年第7期40卷 9800-9810页

作者： Liu, Zhao-Hua Long, Jun-Jie Wei, Hua-Liang Liu, Kan Zhang, Ying-Jie Li, Xiao-Hua Hunan University of Science and Technology School of Information and Electrical Engineering Xiangtan411201 China The University of Sheffield School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering SheffieldS1 3JD United Kingdom Hunan University College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Changsha410082 China Hunan University College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Changsha410082 China

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery driven by induction motors has received increasing attention. Current diagnostic methods, which can be performed on existing inverters or current transformers of three-phase induction machines, have become a more economical and reliable alternative to vibration diagnostic methods. Existing references mainly focus on the stator current analysis of single-phase, but most single-phase current analysis methods utilize only a fraction of the total information accessible in the three-phase system. Field experience shows that zero-sequence current (ZSC) has more distinctive fault characteristics compared to single-phase current, and therefore it is better to use in mechanical fault detection and diagnostic tasks. This article proposes a novel sparse learning-based method for ZSC analysis for induction rotating motor drive fault diagnosis. First, it elaborates and compares the effectiveness of ZSC in revealing fault characteristics compared with single-phase current by analyzing the fault diagnosis mechanism of ZSC. In addition, the method proposes a correlation entropy-enhanced sparse learning method for the problem of high-frequency noise and interference in the ZSC signals, so as to enhance the learning of the features of the noise-containing signals. The diagnostic efficacy of the proposed method has been verified through experiments on two real datasets. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Induction motors

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Blockchain-Enabled Secure Offloading for VEC: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach

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IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025年第3期22卷 2978-2995页

作者： Lu, Xiaozhen Xiao, Liang Xiao, Yilin Xiong, Zehui Liu, Zhe Zhang, Yanyong Zhuang, Weihua Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics College of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing211106 China Xiamen University Department of Information and Communication Engineering Xiamen361005 China Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society Shenzhen518172 China Singapore University of Technology and Design Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design 487372 Singapore Zhejiang Lab Hangzhou310027 China University of Science and Technology of China School of Computer Science and Technology Hefei230026 China University of Waterloo Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada

Vehicular edge computing (VEC) helps improve the task computational performance of vehicles on roads but has difficulty in defending against eavesdropping and selfish attacks simultaneously. In this paper, we design a reputation-based smart contract with blockchain and propose a multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) based secure offloading scheme for VEC against both eavesdropping and selfish attacks. This scheme has a three-level hierarchical structure for each vehicle and uses the reputations obtained from the blockchain as the basis to optimize the edge node selection, offloading ratio, and power allocation, which aims to reduce the task computational latency, the vehicle energy consumption and eavesdropping rate. By using a punishment function based on the constraints, this scheme avoids exploring dangerous policies that can cause task failure or severe data leakage. A multi-agent deep RL-based secure offloading scheme is proposed for vehicles with sufficient resources, which evaluates the long-term risk rather than the punishment function to further improve the secure offloading performance. The regret bound is analyzedand the cumulative reward upper bound is provided. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of our schemes as compared with the benchmark. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Computation offloading

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Accurate, Secure, and Efficient Semi-Constrained Navigation Over Encrypted City Maps

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IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025年第3期22卷 2642-2658页

作者： Li, Meng Chen, Yifei Gao, Jianbo Wu, Jingyu Zhang, Zijian He, Jialing Zhu, Liehuang Conti, Mauro Lin, Xiaodong Hefei University of Technology Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data Ministry of Education Hefei230002 China Hefei University of Technology School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei230002 China Hefei University of Technology Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Industry Safety and Emergency Technology Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei230002 China Beijing Institute of Technology School of Cyberspace Science and Technology Beijing100811 China University of Science and Technology of China School of Computer Science and Technology Hefei230026 China Beijing Institute of Technology Southeast Institute of Information Technology Fujian Putian351100 China Chongqing University College of Computer Science Chongqing400044 China University of Padua Department of Mathematics HIT Center Padua35131 Italy Delft University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft2628 CD Netherlands University of Guelph School of Computer Science GuelphONN1G 2W1 Canada

Navigation services enable users to find the shortest path from a starting point S to a destination D, reducing time, gas, and traffic congestion. Still, navigation users risk the exposure of their sensitive location data. Our motivation arises from how users can accurately, securely, and efficiently navigate from S to Dwhile passing through k unordered stops, i.e., midway locations with a non-fixed visiting order. In this work, we formally define Semi-Constrained Navigation (SCN) and present a novel scheme Hermestoachieveaccurate,secure, andefficient SCN. Specifically, weproposeadivide-and-conquerapproachtostrikeagoodbalance betweenaccuracyandefficiency. It recursively depth-first-searches the whole area (a navigation tree) and invokes five carefully-crafted strategies stop-by-stop to compute three subpaths in three se quential subareas. We construct a path-distance oracle to encrypt the road graph and securely implement the strategies by using homomorphic encryption and garble circuits. We formally prove the security in the random oracle model and analyze the search complexity to be less than O(k2). We experiment over a real-world city map and compare with six baselines. Results show that path search with k = 4 among N = 1000 intersections requires 5.58 seconds with a 3.2% distance deviation rate and an 82.5% path similarity. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Traffic congestion

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