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ENCODING OF ANALOG SIGNALS FOR BINARY SYMMETRIC CHANNELS

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 1966年第4期12卷 425-+页

作者： BERNSTEIN, AJ STEIGLITZ, K HOPCROFT, JE General Electric Research and Development Center Schenectady NY USA Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ USA

Various encoding schemes are examined from the point of view of minimizing the mean magnitude error of a signal caused by transmission through a binary symmetric channel. A necessary property is developed for optimal codes for any binary symmetric channel and any set of quantization levels. The class of optimal codes is found for the case where the probability of error is small but realistic. This class of codes includes the natural numbering and some unit distance codes, among which are the Gray codes.

关键词： Information theory

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THEORY OF NOISE IN METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 1965年第3期ED12卷 148-+页

作者： JORDAN, AG JORDAN, NA Department of Electrical Engineering Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh PA USA Westinghouse Research and Development Center Pittsburgh PA USA

Noise in MOS diodes arises from different sources: fluctuations in occupation of surface states, shot noise, and leakage noise. Fluctuations in the occupation of surface states produce changes in the surface space-charge distribution which in turn produce currents. Shot noise is produced by fluctuations of the individual drift and diffusion flows toward the surface. Leakage noise is associated with the small flow of current through the oxide. In MOS triodes these three mechanisms give rise to gate noise and thus input noise in the amplifier, but the first one produces an important indirect effect. Fluctuations in the occupation of interface states result in modulation of the channel conductance. At low frequencies this modulation is the dominant effect, giving rise to a noise power spectrum which resembles 1/f noise. At high frequencies, where only thermal noise in the channel and input noise are of importance, MOS triodes are similar to junction field effect devices from the noise point of view.

关键词： Semiconductor devices

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NARROW STRIPE FABRICATION OF SOFT-MAGNETIC MATERIALS BY TRENCH FILLING PROCESS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 1995年第6期31卷 2666-2668页

作者： YODA, H HORI, A INOUE, N SAWABE, A SAHASHI, M Toshiba Research and Development Center Kawasaki Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Aoyama Gakuin University Tokyo Japan

Low-pressure collimation sputtering was applied to trench filling with soft magnetic materials. Collimation and substrate bias were found effective to fill the trenches with a uniform film. NiFe and CoZrNb were tested as soft magnetic materials, and it was found that NiFe was suitable for the process. Stripes of NiFe about two micron wide and one micron high, and with excellent morphology, were fabricated inside trenches by combining collimation sputtering with an etch-back process.

关键词： Fabrication Soft magnetic materials Collimators Sputtering Filling Substrates Magnetic films Materials testing Morphology Sputter etching

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Detailed study of NBTI characterization in 40-nm CMOS process using comprehensive models

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Chinese Physics B 2017年第10期26卷 483-489页

作者：曾严李小进卿健孙亚宾石艳玲郭奥胡少坚 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing and Department of Electrical Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai Integrated Circuit Research & Development Center

The impact of negative bias temperature instability （NBTI） can be ascribed to three mutually uncorrelated factors, including hole trapping by pre-existing traps （△ VHT） in gate insulator, generated traps （△ VOT） in bulk insulator, and interface trap generation （△ VIT）. In this paper, we have experimentally investigated the NBTI characteristic for a 40-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS） process. The power-law time dependence, temperature activation, and field acceleration have also been explored based on the physical reaction-diffusion model. Moreover, the end-of-life of stressed device dependent on the variation of stress field and temperature have been evaluated. With the consideration of locking effect, the recovery characteristics have been modelled and discussed.

关键词： negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) reaction diffusion (RD) interface trap H2 locking effect

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Dynamic analysis of new type elastic screen surface with multi degree of freedom and experimental validation

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Journal of Central South University 2015年第4期22卷 1334-1341页

作者：宋宝成刘初升彭利平李珺 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuyi Research and Development Center of Mining Equipment and Materials China University of Mining and Technology

A feasible method was proposed to improve the vibration intensity of screen surface via application of a new type elastic screen surface with multi degree of freedom(NTESSMDF). In the NTESSMDF, the primary robs were coupled to the main screen structure with ends embedded into the elastomers, and the secondary robs were attached to adjacent two primary robs with elastic bands. The dynamic model of vibrating screen with NTESSMDF was established based on Lagrange's equation and the equivalent stiffnesses of the elastomer and elastic band were calculated. According to numerical simulation using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method, the vibration intensity of screen surface can be enhanced substantially with an averaged acceleration amplitude increasing ratio of 72.36%. The primary robs and secondary robs vibrate inversely in steady state, which would result in the friability of materials and avoid stoppage. The experimental results validate the dynamic characteristics with acceleration amplitude rising by62.93% on average, which demonstrates the feasibility of NTESSMDF.

关键词： vibrating screen elastic screen surface multi degree of freedom dynamic analysis mesh stoppage prevention

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Motion System Optimisation for Direct-Drive Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm

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IET Electric Power Applications 2025年第1期19卷

作者： Zhun Liu Chentao Tang Youtong Fang Pierre-Daniel Pfister College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Akribis Systems Research and Development Center Hangzhou China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrical Machine Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

A direct-drive selective compliance assembly robot arm (DDSCARA) poses difficulties in system optimisation due to numerous design parameters and strong coupling between components. This article presents a new optimisation framework based on the characteristic parameters surrogate model to solve the computation burden of the DDSCARA motion system optimisation. The framework divides the optimisation problem into three sub-optimisations. Firstly, we construct a characteristic parameters surrogate model of the direct-drive motor (DDM) by multi-objective optimisation to reduce the training dataset size at the component level. Secondly, in the system-level optimisation, we take the cost and reliability indicators as the optimisation objectives and obtain the optimal characteristic parameters of the DDMs, motion trajectory parameters, and design parameters of other components. A pre-optimisation of the DDM characteristic parameters using gradient descent is used to accelerate the convergence and improve optimisation results. Thirdly, the closest point method and Bayesian optimisation are used to recover the DDM design parameters. For the given optimisation problem, the new framework saves 97.7% computation time compared to the traditional framework. We design an optimised prototype and conduct comparative experiments with the original prototype. The optimised prototype achieves 33% and 12.5% improvements in reliability and unit production per hour, respectively.

关键词： Gaussian processes nonlinear systems optimisation permanent magnet motors

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Rammed Earth-Inspired Superhydrophobic Monolith with Superior Wear Resistance and Self-Regenerative Recyclability

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Miao, Hangyu Liao, Yongli Wang, Peng Wang, Wenliang Zhang, Jiaxuan Li, Zhe Liu, Jie Huang, Tong Zheng, Ziheng Duan, Wen Yue, Ying Liu, Yunpeng School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding071000 China Electric Power Research Institute China Southern Power Grid Guangzhou510663 China Hebei Key Laboratory of Electric Machinery Health Maintenance & Failure Prevention North China Electric Power University Baoding071003 China Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center Sichuan Mianyang621000 China Department of Electrical Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding071000 China Zhengzhou University China

Superhydrophobic materials have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional performance across various applications. However, conventional superhydrophobic coatings are susceptible to degradation in extreme environments, resulting in functional failure. Drawing inspiration from ancient Chinese rammed earth technology, this study introduces a novel superhydrophobic monolith with a uniform structure and self-regenerative recyclability, fabricated through a stamping process. The developed monolith exhibits a remarkably high contact angle (157.2°) and a low sliding angle (2.7°). It consists of room-temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber and superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles synthesized via high-pressure *** the integrated"polymer + nano-component"stamping approach, the fabricated superhydrophobic monolith achieves a compact and continuous internal structure, coupled with high compressive strength. Following 20,000 abrasion cycles under a 250g load using rigid ceramic grinding wheels, the material exhibits a mass loss of only 26.501 g–1 and a thickness loss of 14.932 mm–1, significantly surpassing the durability of other superhydrophobic materials. Notably, the worn surface retains its superhydrophobic ***, the monolith displays outstanding resistance to acid/alkali corrosion, salt spray exposure, and UV-induced degradation. The structural integrity imparted by the stamping process ensures the retention of its initial superhydrophobicity during recycling, underscoring its suitability for post-use recovery. This advancement expands its potential applications in industrial settings. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stamping

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Diamond-like carbon coating for aluminum 390 alloy - automotive applications

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SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY 1997年第2-3期93卷 280-286页

作者： Malaczynski, GW Hamdi, AH Elmoursi, AA Qiu, XH General Motors Research and Development Center Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department 30500 Mound Road Warren MI 48090-9055 USA

In an attempt to increase the wear resistance of automotive powertrain components, General Motors research and development center initiated a study, to determine the potential of surface modification as a means of improving the tribological properties of highly eutectic aluminum allows, and to investigate feasibility of their mass production. In particular, plasma Immersion ion implantation technique was employed to develop diamond-like hydrocarbon coating of aluminum 390 alloy and the coating's performance was verified both in a bench and, in an engine dynamometer test. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

关键词： aluminum alloys carbon ion implantation diamond-like carbon wear resistant coatings

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Evaluating the Impact of Special Characters on Password Security: a Comparative Analysis

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IEEE Network 2025年

作者： He, Daojing Liu, Zhiyong Chan, Sammy Zhou, Beibei Guizani, Mohsen Harbin Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Shenzhen China Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data Guizhou China Research and Development Center Guangzhou Jingyuan Security Technology Co. Ltd Guangzhou China City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Department of Electrical Engineering Hong Kong Hong Kong Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College School of Artificial Intelligence Application Shanghai China Machine Learning Department Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

Text-based password authentication remains essential for identity verification on internet platforms and blockchain systems. However, as computational power advances, security threats to user passwords have intensified, raising concerns about their effectiveness. While special characters (i.e., non-alphanumeric symbols, which include punctuation marks, mathematical symbols, and other non-letter/number characters like '.', '@', '#', '$', and similar) are often recommended to enhance password strength, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) prioritizes length over complexity, challenging their necessity. This study fills a critical gap in understanding user behavior regarding special character usage. By analyzing 15 datasets from Chinese, English, and German languages, we examined patterns of special character incorporation and their impact on password strength. Our findings indicate that users frequently employ predictable methods for including special characters, potentially compromising security, especially under stringent policies. We present three key contributions: (1) an analysis of special character usage patterns, (2) a quantitative assessment of strength differences using the PCFGv4.1 model, and (3) actionable recommendations for stakeholders to enhance password security practices. This research further advocates for aligning password policies with user behavior for more effective security. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication Protocol

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COMPUTER RECOGNITION AND EXTRACTION OF PLANAR GRAPHS FROM INCIDENCE MATRIX

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUIT THEORY 1966年第2期CT13卷 154-&页

作者： FISHER, GJ WING, O General Electric Research and Development Center Schenectady NY Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University New York NY

A computational algorithm is presented for determining whether a graph is planar. All of the operations of the algorithm are expressed in terms of the incidence matrix of the graph. If the graph is nonplanar, the algorithm systematically identifies a set of edges whose deletion yields a subgraph that is planar. A simple procedure for drawing the planar subgraph is also presented. The algorithm has been programmed for a computer and is computationally efficient. The program can also be used to obtain a planar partition of a nonplanar graph. The algorithm is based on a decomposition theorem which reduces the problem of testing the planarity of an arbitrary graph G to the problem of testing the planarity of a set of "pseudo-Hamiltonian" graphs which are systematically formed from G . The necessary and sufficient conditions that a pseudo-Hamiltonian graph be planar are presented. These conditions are expressed directly in terms of the incidence matrix of the graph. The incidence matrix implementation is applied to arbitrary graphs by means of the decomposition theorem. Several techniques which are necessary to insure the convergence and computational efficiency of the algorithm are given.

关键词： Transmission line matrix methods Partitioning algorithms System testing Matrix decomposition Circuit testing Sufficient conditions Convergence Computational efficiency Algorithm design and analysis Printed circuits

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