The Ecological Cognition perspective emphasizes the fact that human cognition is adaptive to the constraints of the context of task performance. People are good at developing strategies for task performance that take ...
The Ecological Cognition perspective emphasizes the fact that human cognition is adaptive to the constraints of the context of task performance. People are good at developing strategies for task performance that take advantage of the informational affordances of the task environment. Therefore, if we wish to understand human cognition, we must look beyond the skin and skull of the individual to the material and social structures with which the mind interacts. Of course, material artifacts and social arrangements are elements of adaptive processes as well. Material artifacts are often crystallizations of regularities in the task environment and they develop over time, changing adaptively to fit the constraints of the task, the properties of the task performers, and the other artifacts employed in the task performance. Such changes in the material artifacts change the informational affordances of the task environment, which creates new opportunities for the development of strategies. Thus, human cognition and the material supports of human cognition must be seen as a co-adaptive system. Similarly, in complex work settings where two or more persons jointly perform tasks, social arrangements are enacted anew each time a socially distributed task is performed. Strategies for the social division of cognitive labor are also part of this co-adaptive system, both constraining and being constrained by mental and material artifacts. These interlocked co-adaptive systems suggest a cognitive ecology. It's a compelling way of talking about such systems. Can it be more than a metaphor?
作者：
B. ShneidermanH. KangDepartment of Computer Science
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Institute for Advanced Computer Studies & Institute for Systems Research University of Maryland College Park MD USA
Annotating photographs is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing the user to drag labels, such as personal names, from a...
详细信息
Annotating photographs is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing the user to drag labels, such as personal names, from a scrolling list and drop them onto a photo, we believe we can make the task faster, easier and more appealing. Since the names are entered in a database, searching for all photos of a friend or family member is dramatically simplified. We describe the user interface design and the database schema to support direct annotation, as implemented in our PhotoFinder prototype.
The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages and database query tools. This paper studies the ways that untrained users naturally express and interpret queries, revea...
详细信息
The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages and database query tools. This paper studies the ways that untrained users naturally express and interpret queries, revealing some of the underlying reasons why this task is so difficult. Among the study's findings are: people interpret the word AND to mean either conjunction or disjunction depending on context, the scope to which they attribute the word NOT depends on whether the subsequent operator is AND or OR, and they often ignore parenthesis. Therefore, relying on these words and symbols for query formulation will result in poor usability. A tabular query form is proposed that avoids the need to name the operators, provides a clear distinction between conjunction and disjunction, and makes grouping more explicit. Comparing the tabular language with textual boolean expressions, the study finds that untrained users perform better when they express their queries in the tabular language, and about equally well when interpreting queries written in either language. We conclude that systems may benefit by adopting a tabular notation for query formulation.
computerscience educators have traditionally used algorithm visualization (AV) software to create graphical representations of algorithms that are later used as visual aids in lectures, or as the basis for interactiv...
详细信息
computerscience educators have traditionally used algorithm visualization (AV) software to create graphical representations of algorithms that are later used as visual aids in lectures, or as the basis for interactive labs. Based on ethnographic field studies we have conducted in an undergraduate algorithms course, we advocate an alternative teaching approach in which students use simple art supplies to construct and present their own visualizations to their peers and instructor for feedback and discussion. To support this approach, we have built SALSA and ALVIS, a prototype language and system that enable students to (a) quickly construct rough, unpolished ("low fidelity") visualizations in much the same way they would do so with simple art supplies, and (b) interactively present those visualizations to an audience. Our prototype pioneers a novel technique for programming visualizations based on spatial relations, and a novel presentation interface that supports reverse execution and dynamic mark-up and modification.
Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of pers...
详细信息
Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of personal photo collections to search and browse easily. PhotoFinder provides a set of visual Boolean query interfaces, coupled with dynamic query and query preview features. It gives users powerful search capabilities. Using a scatter plot thumbnail display and drag-and-drop interface, PhotoFinder is designed to be easy to use for searching and browsing photos.
Many interesting research challenges await the paradigm shift in the relationship between humans and computers. This article highlights those challenges from two distinct perspectives: human-centered;and technology-ce...
详细信息
Many interesting research challenges await the paradigm shift in the relationship between humans and computers. This article highlights those challenges from two distinct perspectives: human-centered;and technology-centered. It also discusses findings from breakout discussions representing these two perspectives.
During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high s...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781581132199
During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high school physics. From the outset, we committed to a participatory design approach. This design collaboration has now existed far longer than is typical of participatory design endeavors, particularly in North America. The nature of our interactions, and in particular the nature of the role played by the teachers has changed significantly through the course of the project. We suggest that there may be a long-term developmental unfolding of roles and relationships in participatory design.
The adoption of 3D virtual interfaces is becoming more widespread. Although design guidelines and usability evaluation methods exist for the conventional 2 dimensional Graphical User Interface (GUI), they may or may n...
详细信息
The adoption of 3D virtual interfaces is becoming more widespread. Although design guidelines and usability evaluation methods exist for the conventional 2 dimensional Graphical User Interface (GUI), they may or may not however, be appropriate in the design and the evaluation of 3 dimensional virtual interfaces. This paper describes the on-going research to find appropriate ways to evaluate virtual reality (VR) systems for usability.
The Reorderable Matrix is a simple visualization method for quantitative tabular data. This paper examines how first-Time users interact with the Reorderable Matrix and how well they perform a simple task of finding c...
详细信息
暂无评论