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NEXUS: A 28nm 3.3pJ/SOP 16-Core Spiking Neural Network With a Diamond Topology for Real-Time Data Processing

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical circuits and systems 2025年第3期19卷 523-535页

作者： Sadeghi, Maryam Rezaeiyan, Yasser Khatiboun, Dario Fernandez Eissa, Sherif Corradi, Federico Augustine, Charles Moradi, Farshad Aarhus University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aarhus8000 Denmark Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven5612 AP Netherlands Intel Circuit Research Lab HillsboroOR97124 United States

The realization of brain-scale spiking neural networks (SNNs) is impeded by power constraints and low integration density. To address these challenges, multi-core SNNs are utilized to emulate numerous neurons with high energy efficiency, where spike packets are routed through a network-on-chip (NoC). However, the information can be lost in the NoC under high spike traffic conditions, leading to performance degradation. This work presents NEXUS, a 16-core SNN with a diamond-shaped NoC topology fabricated in 28-nm CMOS technology. It integrates 4096 leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons with 1M 4-bit synaptic weights, occupying an area of 2.16 mm2. The proposed NoC architecture is scalable to any network size, ensuring no data loss due to contending packets with a maximum routing latency of 5.1 μs for 16 cores. The proposed congestion management method eliminates the need for FIFO in routers, resulting in a compact router footprint of 0.001 mm2. The proposed neurosynaptic core allows for increasing the processing speed by up to 8.5× depending on input sparsity. The SNN achieves a peak throughput of 4.7 GSOP/s at 0.9 V, consuming a minimum energy per synaptic operation (SOP) of 3.3 pJ at 0.55 V. A 4-layer feed-forward network is mapped onto the chip, classifying MNIST digits with 92.3% accuracy at 8.4K-classification/s and consuming 2.7-μJ/classification. Additionally, an audio recognition task mapped onto the chip achieves 87.4% accuracy at 215-μJ/classification. © 2007-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Spatio-temporal data

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Controllability of heterogeneous networked sampled-data systems

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第3期68卷 302-318页

作者： Zixuan YANG Lin WANG Xiaofan WANG Guanrong CHEN Department of Automation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation Shanghai University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering City University of Hong Kong

This study investigates the controllability of a general heterogeneous networked sampled-data system(HNSS) consisting of nonidentical node systems, where the inner coupling between any pair of nodes can be described by a unique *** signals on control and transmission channels are sampled and held by zero-order holders, and the control sampling period of each node can be different. Necessary and sufficient controllability conditions are developed for the general HNSS, using the Smith normal form and matrix equations, respectively. The HNSS in specific topology or dynamic settings is discussed subsequently with easier-to-verify conditions derived. These heterogeneous factors have been determined to independently or jointly affect the controllability of networked sampled-data systems. Notably, heterogeneous sampling periods have the potential to enhance the overall controllability, but not for systems with some special dynamics. When the node dynamics are heterogeneous,the overall system can be controllable even if it is topologically uncontrollable. In addition, in several typical heterogeneous sampled-data multi-agent systems, pathological sampling of single-node systems will necessarily cause overall uncontrollability.

关键词： network controllability sampled-data system heterogeneous system inner coupling multi-agent system

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Optimal SOC Headroom of Pump Storage Hydropower for Maximizing Joint Revenue from Day-ahead and Real-time Markets Under Regional Transmission Organization Dispatch

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Journal of Modern Power systems and Clean Energy 2024年第1期12卷 238-250页

作者： Yikui Liu Bing Huang Yang Lin Yonghong Chen Lei Wu Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Stevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ 07030USA Midcontinent Independent System Operator Inc.CarmelIN 46032USA

In response to the increasing penetration of volatile and uncertain renewable energy,the regional transmission organizations(RTOs)have been recently focusing on enhancing the models of pump storage hydropower(PSH)plants,which are one of the key flexibility assets in the day-ahead(DA)and real-time(RT)markets,to further boost their flexibility provision *** by the recent research works that explored the potential benefits of excluding PSHs’cost-related terms from the objective functions of the DA market clearing model,this paper completes a rolling RT market scheme that is compatible with the DA ***,with the vision that PSHs could be permitted to submit state-of-charge(SOC)headrooms in the DA market and to release them in the RT market,this paper uncovers that PSHs could increase the total revenues from the two markets by optimizing their SOC headrooms,assisted by the proposed tri-level optimal SOC headroom ***,in the proposed tri-level model,the middle and lower levels respectively mimic the DA and RT scheduling processes of PSHs,and the upper level determines the optimal headrooms to be submitted to the RTO for maximizing the total revenue from the two *** case studies quantify the profitability of the optimal SOC headroom submissions as well as the associated financial risks.

关键词： Pump storage hydropower energy market state-of-charge(SOC) headroom market revenue tri-level problem

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Orbit-Orbit Interaction in Spatiotemporal Optical Vortex

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engineering 2025年第2期45卷 44-51页

作者： Jian Chen Jie Zhao Xi Shen Dewei Mo Cheng-Wei Qiu Qiwen Zhan School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai 200093China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai 200093China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore

While spin-orbit interaction has been extensively studied,few investigations have reported on the interaction between orbital angular momenta(OAMs).In this work,we study a new type of orbit-orbit coupling between the longitudinal OAM and the transverse OAM carried by a three-dimensional(3D)spatiotemporal optical vortex(STOV)in the process of tight *** 3D STOV possesses orthogonal OAMs in the x-y,t-x,and y-t planes,and is preconditioned to overcome the spatiotemporal astigmatism effect.x,y,and t are the axes in the spatiotemporal *** corresponding focused wavepacket is calculated by employing the Debye diffraction theory,showing that a phase singularity ring is generated by the interactions among the transverse and longitudinal vortices in the highly confined *** Fourier-transform decomposition of the Debye integral is employed to analyze the mechanism of the orbit-orbit *** is the first revelation of coupling between the longitudinal OAM and the transverse OAM,paving the way for potential applications in optical trapping,laser machining,nonlinear light-matter interactions,and more.

关键词： Spatiotemporal optical vortex Orbital angular momentum Momentum interaction Highly confined wavepacket Diffraction

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Oversampling-Enhanced Feature Fusion-Based Hybrid ViT-1DCNN Model for Ransomware Cyber Attack Detection

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Computer Modeling in engineering & Sciences 2025年第2期142卷 1667-1695页

作者： Muhammad Armghan Latif Zohaib Mushtaq Saifur Rahman Saad Arif Salim Nasar Faraj Mursal Muhammad Irfan Haris Aziz Department of Computer and Information System Cleveland State UniversityOhio44115USA Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer SystemsCollege of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan Electrical Engineering Department College of EngineeringNajran UniversityNajran61441Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringKing Faisal UniversityAl Ahsa31982Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical Industrial and Energy System EngineeringUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan

Ransomware attacks pose a significant threat to critical infrastructures,demanding robust detection *** study introduces a hybrid model that combines vision transformer(ViT)and one-dimensional convolutional neural network(1DCNN)architectures to enhance ransomware detection *** common challenges in ransomware detection,particularly dataset class imbalance,the synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)is employed to generate synthetic samples for minority class,thereby improving detection *** integration of ViT and 1DCNN through feature fusion enables the model to capture both global contextual and local sequential features,resulting in comprehensive ransomware *** on the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the proposed ViT-1DCNN model achieved 98%detection accuracy with precision,recall,and F1-score metrics surpassing conventional *** approach not only reduces false positives and negatives but also offers scalability and robustness for real-world cybersecurity *** results demonstrate the model’s potential as an effective tool for proactive ransomware detection,especially in environments where evolving threats require adaptable and high-accuracy solutions.

关键词： Ransomware attacks cybersecurity vision transformer convolutional neural network feature fusion encryption threat detection

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Non-convexity Pricing and Allocating Costs in Stochastic Electricity Markets

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy systems 2024年第4期10卷 1466-1477页

作者： Wei Lin Zhifang Yang Department of Electrical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong SARChina State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment&System Security and New Technology College of Electrical EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China

Stochastic electricity markets have drawn attention due to fast increase of renewable *** results in two issues:one is to reduce uplift payments arising from non-convexity under renewable uncertainties,and the other one is to allocate reserve costs based on renewable *** resolve the first issue,a convex hull pricing method for stochastic electricity markets is *** dual variables of system-wide constraints in a chance-constrained unit commitment model are shown to reduce expected uplift payments,together with developing a linear program to efficiently calculate such *** resolve the second issue,an allocation method is proposed to allocate reserve costs to each renewable power plant by explicitly investigating how renewable uncertainties of each renewable power plant affect reserve *** proposed methods are validated in a 24-period 3-unit test example and a 24-period 48-unit utility example.

关键词： Convex hull pricing cost allocation non-convexity renewable uncertainty stochastic electricity market

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14-Bit SAR ADC with on-Chip Digital Bubble Sorting Calibration technology

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2025年第1期34卷 125-136页

作者： Hua Fan Zhuorui Chen Tongrui Xu Franco Maloberti Qi Wei Quanyuan Feng School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering(Exemplary School of Microelectronics) University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics Industry Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering University of Pavia Department of Precision Instrument Tsinghua University Institute of Microelectronics Southwest Jiaotong University

This article designs a 14-bit successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter（SAR ADC）.A novel digital bubble sorting calibration method is proposed and applied to eliminate the effect of capacitor mismatch on the linearity of the SAR ADC. To reduce the number of capacitors, a hybrid architecture of a high 8-bit binary-weighted capacitor array and a low 6-bit resistor array is adopted by the digital-to-analog（DAC）. The common-mode voltage VCM-based switching scheme is chosen to reduce the switching energy and area of the DAC. The time-domain comparator is employed to obtain lower power consumption. Sampling is performed through a gate voltage bootstrapped switch to reduce the nonlinear errors introduced when sampling the input signal. Moreover, the SAR logic and the whole calibration is totally implemented on-chip through digital integrated circuit（IC） tools such as design compiler, IC compiler, etc. Finally, a prototype is designed and implemented using 0.18 μm bipolar-complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS）-double-diffused MOS 1.8 V CMOS technology. The measurement results show that the SAR ADC with on-chip bubble sorting calibration method achieves the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 69.75 dB and the spurious-free dynamic range of 83.77 dB.

关键词： Semiconductor device measurement Capacitors Linearity Switches Calibration system-on-chip Frequency measurement Time-domain analysis Sorting Signal to noise ratio

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Optimizing energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: dynamic routing with capuchin search algorithm

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第15期84卷 15453-15477页

作者： Karthikeyan, M. Manimegalai, D. Rajagopal, Karthikeyan Centre for Advanced Wireless Integrated Technology Chennai Institute of Technology Chennai India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai India Centre for Nonlinear System Chennai Institute of Technology Chennai India

The Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly advanced wireless communication and machine intelligence, leading to diverse applications. However, the continuous evolution of smartphones and IoT devices presents challenges for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), impacting Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a solution in the form of the Capuchin Search Optimization Routing Protocol (CSORP), a multipath protocol based on the Capuchin Search Optimization (CSO) algorithm. The aim is to address QoS limitations, including end-to-end delay, power consumption, and packet transmission delay, caused by the increasing influx of IoT devices in wireless networks. The proposed CSORP is designed for WSN-based IoT devices experiencing high traffic loads and unfair network flow. Evaluation using network simulator-3 and a comparison with existing routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, I-DSDV, and DSR) demonstrate the benefits of CSORP, including an 88% packet delivery ratio, a minimum distribution speed of 0.5 m/s, a latency of 35 ms (compared to I-DSDV's 79 ms), mobility speed of three packets per second with less packet loss (0.7), and a high routing load parameter of 92%, indicating potential energy savings. In conclusion, CSORP offers advantages such as energy efficiency, low latency, high packet delivery ratio, ample bandwidth, and reduced normalization demand, making it a promising solution for improving WSN performance and QoS metrics in IoT scenarios. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Quality of service

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Backup subscription scheme for differential protection using IEC61850-9-2 sampled values

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Energy Informatics 2024年第1期7卷 110页

作者： Katoulaei, Mohammad Khalili Rahmani, Aamir Høidalen, Hans Kristian Oleinikova, Irina Mork, Bruce Department of energy systems Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Department of electrical power system Michigan Technical University Michigan United States Department of Electrical Power Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan Technological University HoughtonMI49931 United States

In IEC-61850-based digital substations, the protection IED’s performance is dependent on merging unit’s vendor implementation, communication networks, and measurement circuit’s health conditions. As the process bus Sampled Value(SV) enables the availability of all sensor data on a communication network, this paper proposes a Backup Subscription scheme (BSS) for a transformer differential protection (87T, PDIF) function. BSS utilizes sensor data in digital substations to achieve a flexible protection scheme using a dynamic subscription feature. Thus, in case of failure of one sensor, differential protection would be maintained. The paper presents the implementation and verification of a prototyped scheme using a Hardware-in-the-loop simulation test bed. The main result is that BSS integration into differential protection ensures its dependability and security. Moreover, delay compensation and seamless switching feature increases the availability of differential protection. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Optimized Model Based Controller with Model Plant Mismatch for NMP Mitigation in Boost Converter

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Computer systems Science & engineering 2023年第8期46卷 1961-1979页

作者： R.Prasanna Uma Govindarajan NSBhuvaneswari Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Power System DivisionCollege of Engineering GuindyAnna UniversityChennai600025India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering GKM College of Engineering and TechnologyChennai600063India

In this paper,an optimized Genetic Algorithm(GA)based internal model controller-proportional integral derivative(IMC-PID)controller has been designed for the control variable to output variable transfer function of dc-dc boost converter to mitigate the effect of non-minimum phase(NMP)behavior due to the presence of a right-half plane zero(RHPZ).This RHPZ limits the dynamic performance of the converter and leads to internal *** IMC PID is a streamlined counterpart of the standard feedback controller and easily achieves optimal set point and load change performance with a single filter tuning parameterλ.Also,this paper addresses the influences of the model-based controller with model plant mismatch on the closed-loop *** conventional IMC PID design is realized as an optimization problem with a resilient controller being determined through a genetic *** results suggested that GA–IMC PID coheres to the optimum designs with a fast convergence rate and outperforms conventional IMC PID controllers.

关键词： Boost converter non-minimum phase internal model control dynamic controller

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