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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships environmental regulations engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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Uniform National Discharge Standards - Overview and implications for future naval engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 219-235页

作者： Kopack, D Smith, G Kim, D Erne, DL David F. Kopack:is a Program Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command Office of Environmenta1 Protection Occupational Safety and Health SEA 00T. Mr. Kopack received his bachelor and master of science degrees in the physical sciences and management from the University of Maryland. Mr. Kopack has 20 years of experience in ship design and engineering industrial facility operations and program management. Gordon D. Smith:is a Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center in Bethesda Maryland and is working in the Naval Sea Systems Command Environmental and Auxiliary Systems Group. SEA 03L. Mr. Smith received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from The Ohio State University. He has over 13 years of ronmental issues. In addition to supporting the development of Uniform National Discharge Standards he has been involved in research design testing and development of pollution abatement technologies suitable for use aboard Navy Ships. Don K. Kim:is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with the naval architecture and marine engineering firm of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Kim received his bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Virgina. Mr. Kim has ten years of experience in the design installation maintenance and repair of shipboard mechanical systems equipment and components with specific expertise in compressor pump and fan design and operation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineer. David L. Erne:is an Associate with Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Erne received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Idaho. He has over twelve years of experience in environmental program management and consulting. In addition to his support for the Uniform National Discharge Standards prog

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories. Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue, These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which on be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase Il, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.

关键词： Replenishment at sea homeland defense shipbuilding Military Personnel Uniform home range Treated water Naval engineering Uniforms Implication Clean Water Act Coastguards

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Blackwater and Graywater on US navy ships: Technical challenges and solutions

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 293-306页

作者： Benson, J Caplan, I Jacobs, R John Benson:received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering and MS degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Maryland. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Maryland. He Joined the Naval Sufrace Warfare Center Carderock Division Environmental Quality Department in 1990 as a project engineer and is now managing the non-oily wastewater (graywater and blackwater) project area. Mr. Ivan Caplan:graduated from Drexel University (Philadelphia Pennsylvania) with a BS in Metallurgical Engineering and was awarded a MS degree from the Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore Maryland) in Mechanics and Materials Science. Mr. Caplan has spent most of his career at the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) and is currently the Head of the Wastewater Management Branch in the Carderock Division's Environmental Quality Department. Previously Mr. Caplan managed the US Navy's Applied Research Program in Ship & Submarine Materials Technology. In addition Mr. Caplan was manager of the US Navy's Titanium Technology Program Office and during his government career held several external Program Manager positions on at the Naval Sea Systems Command and another at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Rachel Jacobs:received BS degrees in Chemical Engineering and Marine Biology from the University of Maryland College Park. After working for the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC and the Center for Marine Biotechnology in Baltimore MD she joined the staff of the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Environmental Quality Department in 1997. Since thta time Ms. Jacobs has worked in the non-oily wastewater treatment area and her principal responsibility has been to technically supervise the evaluation operation and modification graywater treatment.

In anticipation of more stringent environmental regulations, the increasing costs of waste disposal, and the need for naval combatants to operate unimpeded in littoral waters, the U.S. Navy has identified the need to develop technologies which are appropriate for the control and treatment of blackwater and graywater. This paper will describe the status of development efforts by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and its supporting contractors, under sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Office of Naval Research. The challenge was to develop treatment systems that meet Navy shipboard requirements for affordability, compactness, low manning/maintenance, high reliability and safety, and EM, noise, vibration and shock. Membrane ultrafiltration based systems, incorporating aerobic biological pre-treatment and ultraviolet light post treatment disinfection, have ken developed to meet these requirements. Both external and in-tank membrane systems will be described in terms of performance, system operation and space and weight advantages.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Simulation of the transient, compressible, gas-dynamic behavior of catalytic-combustion ignition in stagnation flows

Simulation of the transient, compressible, gas-dynamic behav...

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27th International Symposium on Combustion

作者： Raja, Laxminarayan L. Kee, Robert J. Petzold, Linda R. Engineering Division Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401 United States Computational Science and Engineering Program Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 United States

This paper develops and uses a computation model to explore the transient ignition dynamics of catalytic combustion in a stagnation-flow configuration. The analysis considers the elementary heterogeneous chemistry associated with catalytic behavior at the surface. It also considers gas-dynamic effects in the boundary layer, including temporal and spatial pressure variations. The gas-dynamic effects are included through the axial momentum equation, which has been neglected in previous analyses of unsteady stagnation flows. In addition to the physical interpretation of ignition transients, the paper presents a mathematical and computational analysis and comparison of the constant-pressure and compressible stagnation-flow equations. The constant-pressure equations, as commonly formulated and used, are a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAE) that have an index greater than two. This high-index behavior is responsible for severe numerical difficulties in regions of fast transients or stringent numerical error control. This paper relaxes the constant-pressure assumption using a compressible-flow formulation, which extends the range of physical validity and reduces the index of the transient stagnation-flow problem while preserving stagnationflow "similarity.".

关键词： Ignition

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Abstracts of presentations on selected topics at the XIVTH International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC) - July 25-30, 1999 - International Convention Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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PHYTOPARASITICA 1999年第4期27卷 299-332页

作者： [Anonymous] Norwich UK State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO) AE Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville USA Ecology and Biocontrol Group National Environment Research Council-(NERC) Inst. of Virology and Environmental Microbiology Oxford UK Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas — Centro de Ciencas Medioamhiental.es Madrid Spain Friedrich Miescher Institute Basel Switzerland Dept. of Field Crops Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture The University of Leeds Leeds UK Plant Genetic Systems Gent Belgium Jealott’s Hill Research Centre Zeneca Agrochemicals Bracknell UK Plant Quarantine Policy Branch Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) Canberra Australia International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) Parc Scientifique Agropolis II France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrarforschung (BEAF) Bonn Germany Dept. of Crop Protection Extension Service Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Tel Aviv Israel National Food Safety & Toxicology Center Michigan State University East Lansing Center for Minor Crop Pest Management Rutgers University New Brunswick USA ARS/USDA Beltsville USA Dept. of Entomology and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics University of California Riverside USA Dept. of Virology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Dept. of Theoretical Production Ecology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology University of California Davis USA Dept. of Plant Sciences Tel-Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Inst. of Plant Biochemistry Consejo

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Measurements of trace metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) oxidation states in fog and stratus clouds

Measurements of trace metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) oxidation state...

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作者： Siefert, Ronald L. Johansen, Anne M. Hoffmann, Michael R. Pehkonen, Simo O. Environmental Engineering Science W.M. Keck Laboratories California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA United States Department of Civil Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH United States Environ. Engineering Science Program Institute of Technology Pasadena CA United States

The oxidation state of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Cr in cloudwater was measured during several cloud events. The measurements were then used in thermodynamic-speciation models to understand the speciation of ambient fog and cloudwater. Cu and Mn were the predominant oxidation states during daylight and nighttime conditions increasing during daylight conditions. Mn concentrations were never high enough to influence the redox chemistry of Cr. Overall, Cr in cloudwater was predicted to be reduced to Cr(III) if free S(IV) is present.

关键词： Air pollution

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CVN 68 class solid waste flow analysis

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 73-87页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE LCdr. Stephen P. Markely USN:is a career Engineering Duty Oficer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington VA where he is Deputy Directol Environmental Protection Systems Division (SEA 03 LIB). He is responsible for Program Management activities associated with all afloat environmental protection equipment and serves on several teams designed to promote Navy wide awareraess of environmental protection requirements and Navy programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Zchmlogy where he received a Naval Engineering Degree and Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse UniversitylState University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestw where he received a Bachelm of Science degree in Forrest Engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineeriw. LCdr Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Oficer and in submarines through Engineering Duty Dolphin Program. He is a Professional Engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofASNE NSPE ASTM SNAME and SAE. Sean G. Gill:is a Senior Engineer with GEO-CENTERS incorporated in Pittsburgh PA where he provides technical and administrative support to the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 03L1) and the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Waflare Center (Code a) principal& on the shipboard and submarine solid waste management programs. Prior to joining GEO-CENTERS incorporated in 1996 he worked for eleven years at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Warfare Center as a project engineer and a Branch Head. In the former capacity Mr Gill participated in various blackwatel gray watel and oily wastewater treatment projects oversaw the development of the Navy Pulper and was Center's technical team leader for the NAVSEA Solid Waste management program. In 1994 he was assigned to be Branch Head of Code 634 the Solid Waste Management

Through a detailed Research and Development program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty-seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion. engineering analysis and held waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation Limits, and shipboard quality of life issues. A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates. engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites. This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.

关键词： Ship equipment

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A Novel Technique for the Fabrication of Free-Standing Adhesive Films Using a Polymer Template

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 1998年第1期518卷 111-115页

作者： D. J. Hansford L. P. Lee M. Ferrari Biomedical Microdevices Center University of California Berkeley USA Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering U.C. Berkeley USA Applied Science and Technology Program U.C. Berkeley USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering U.C. Berkeley USA

A technique has been developed that allows the application of free-standing membranes of polymer adhesives used in microfabricated structures. The film is made free-standing by the application of the adhesive to a polymer template, followed by an adhesion step to a microfabricated substrate, and the final release of the film by the removal of the polymer template. It was found that the surface treatment used to treat the Teflon template made it adhere too strongly to the adhesive film for this application. The results show that Gel-Paks make a suitable template for the transference of polymer films over holes of at least micron size.

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A complete remediation system for Uranium-contaminated soils: Application to a Uranium-contaminated site at Los Alamos national laboratory

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Remediation 1998年第3期8卷 113-126页

作者： Mason, Caroline F. V. Lu, Ningping Turney, William R. J. R. Williams, Matthew Los Alamos National Laboratory Environmental Science and Waste Technology Group Chemical Sciences and Technology Division United States Los Alamos National Laboratory Environmental Science and Health Division United States Materials Science and Engineering Program Clemson University United States

A description of a complete remedial scheme for a uranium-contaminated site is presented. Results for the example site are discussed. Volume reduction for the contaminated soil was greater than 99 percent and secondary waste volumes were kept to a minimum. The stages of physical separation for radioactive segregation, and chemical separation and immobilization of soluble uranium are universally applicable to all uranium contaminated sites when tailored to specific site requirements. Discussion is presented for adaptation to different soil types and different chemical forms of uranium. © 1998 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.

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Removal of volatile organic compounds horn surfactant solutions by flash vacuum stripping in a packed column

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1998年第4期18卷 157-165页

作者： Choori, UN Scamehorn, JF O'Haver, JH Harwell, JH Umesh Choori received his B. Tech. in chemical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur and his M.S. in chemical engineering at the University of Oklahoma. John Scamehorn holds the Asahi Glass Chair in Chemical Engineering and is Associate Director of the Institute for Applied Surfactant Research at the University of Oklahoma (Norman OK 73019). He received his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Nebraska and his Ph.D. at the University of Texas all in chemical engineering. Dr. Scamehorn has worked for Shell Conoco and DuPont and has been on a number of editorial boards for journals in the area of surfactants and separation science. He has edited three books and coauthored more than 120 technical papers. His research interests include surfactant properties important in consumer product formulation and surfactant-based separation processes. John O'Haver is currently an assistant professor in chemical engineering at the University of Mississippi. He received his degrees from the University of Oklahoma two in secondary education and one in chemical engineering. Dr. O'Haver taught high school for 12 years before returning for his Ph.D. His research interests are in the areas of fundamental and applied surfactant science. Jeffrey Harwell holds the Conoco/DuPont Professorship in Chemical Engineering and is Director of the School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Oklahoma. He received his B.A. in chemistry and M.S. in chemical engineering at Texas A&M University a M.Div. at the Western Conservative Baptist Seminary and his Ph.D. at the University of Texas in chemical engineering. Dr. Harwell is a cofounder of Surbec Environmental and is president of Surfactant Associates. He has served as a program director at NSF for one year and was the Victor K. Lamer award winner in 1984. He has edited three books and coauthored more than 80 technical papers. His research interests include surfactants in environmental remediation and in material property modification.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be removed from contaminated ground water and subsurface media by surfactant-enhanced remediation processes. For the process to be economically competitive it is necessary to recover and reuse the surfactant from this concentrated solution. The VOC can be removed from this concentrated solution by flash vacuum stripping, leaving the surfactant solution for reuse. In this study, the flash vacuum stripping of trichloroethylene (TCE) from an anionic surfactant solution in a co-current packed column was studied under rough vacuum conditions. The presence of surfactants lead to a reduction in the overall liquid phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient (MTC) of 40 to 95%, depending on flow rate and surfactant concentration at 50 degrees C and 16 kPa. At liquid loading rates of less than 13 cm(3)/cm(2)min, the MTC of TCE decreases rapidly with an increase in liquid loading rate, and at liquid loading rates above that, the MTC decreases slightly with an increase in the liquid loading rate. This trend may have been due to foaming. At surfactant concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, the effect of surfactant concentration was not significant at liquid loading rates less than 13 cm(3)/cm(2)min. However, beyond that rate, the MTC of TCE decreased drastically with an increase in surfactant concentration. The MTC of TCE increased with an increase in temperature. A large pressure drop (3 to 4 kPa/m) was observed across the packed bed due to foaming.

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