As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention...
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As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention on privacy-preserving model explanations. This article presents the first thorough survey about privacy attacks on model explanations and their countermeasures. Our contribution to this field comprises a thorough analysis of research papers with a connected taxonomy that facilitates the categorization of privacy attacks and countermeasures based on the targeted explanations. This work also includes an initial investigation into the causes of privacy leaks. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues and prospective research directions uncovered in our analysis. This survey aims to be a valuable resource for the research community and offers clear insights for those new to this domain. To support ongoing research, we have established an online resource repository, which will be continuously updated with new and relevant findings.
The photocatalytic activity of catalysts depends on the energy-harvesting ability and the separation or transport of photogenerated *** light absorption capacity of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))-based composi...
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The photocatalytic activity of catalysts depends on the energy-harvesting ability and the separation or transport of photogenerated *** light absorption capacity of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))-based composites can be enhanced by adjusting the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)of noble metal nanoparticles(e.g.,Cu,Au,and Pd)in the entire visible *** can be carried out by varying the nanocomponents of the *** SPR of noble metals can enhance the local electromagnetic field and improve interband transition,and resonant energy transfer occurs from plasmonic dipoles to electron-hole pairs via near-field electromagnetic ***,noble metals have emerged as relevant nanocomponents for g-C_(3)N_(4) used in CO_(2) photoreduction and water ***,recent key advances in noble metals(either in single atom,cluster,or nanoparticle forms)and composite photocatalysts based on inorganic or organic nanocomponent-incorporated g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheets are systematically discussed,including the applications of these photocatalysts,which exhibit improved photoinduced charge mobility in CO_(2) photoconversion and H2 *** related to the different types of multi-nanocomponent heterostructures(involving Schottky junctions,Z-/S-scheme heterostructures,noble metals,and additional semiconductor nanocomponents)and the adjustment of dimensionality of heterostructures(by incorporating noble metal nanoplates on g-C_(3)N_(4) forming 2D/2D heterostructures)are *** current prospects and possible challenges of g-C_(3)N_(4) composite photocatalysts incorporated with noble metals(e.g.,Au,Pt,Pd,and Cu),particularly in water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,pollution degradation,and chemical conversion applications,are summarized.
Strengthening interface bonding between boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)and copper matrix is an essential prerequisite for exploiting a new generation of copper matrix composites(CMCs)with high strength and wear ***,BNN...
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Strengthening interface bonding between boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)and copper matrix is an essential prerequisite for exploiting a new generation of copper matrix composites(CMCs)with high strength and wear ***,BNNS/Cu composites were fabricated by the powder metallurgy route,matrix-alloying(adding 1.0 wt%Ti)strategy was adopted to improve the interfacial wettability and strengthen interface adhesion.A typical"sandwich"-like multiply interface structure involving TiN transition layers,BNNS and Cu matrix had been well constructed through the rational heat treatment(900℃ for 120 min).Additionally,nano-sized TiB whisker was in situ formed in the vicinity of the interface,it had linked the BNNS-Cu-TiN multiply interface,which played a role of"threading the needle"and significantly strengthened the multi-interfaces *** specific interface structure was finely characterized,and the formation mechanism of solid-state interfacial reaction feature was *** results demonstrated that the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of BNNS/Cu-(Ti)-900℃ increased from 248 to 530 MPa(increased by 114%),and the coefficient of friction(COF)decreased from 0.51 to 0.28 than pure *** work highlights the importance of interface configuration design,which contributes to the development of CMCs with prominent comprehensive properties.
In low-density steel,κ-carbides primarily precipitate in the form of nanoscale particles within austenite ***,their precipitation within ferrite matrix grains has not been comprehensively explored,and the second-phas...
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In low-density steel,κ-carbides primarily precipitate in the form of nanoscale particles within austenite ***,their precipitation within ferrite matrix grains has not been comprehensively explored,and the second-phase evolution mechanism during aging remains *** this study,the crystallographic characteristics and morphological evolution ofκ-carbides in Fe-28Mn-10Al-0.8C(wt%)low-density steel at different aging temperatures and times and the impacts of these changes on the steels’microhardness and properties were comprehensively *** different heat treatment conditions,intragranularκ-carbides exhibited various morpho-logical and crystallographic characteristics,such as acicular,spherical,and short rod-like *** the initial stage of aging,acicularκ-carbides primarily precipitated,accompanied by a few spherical carbides.κ-Carbides grew and coarsened with aging time,the spherical carbides were considerably reduced,and rod-like carbides *** hardness testing demonstrated that the material’s hardness was affected by the volume fraction,morphology,and size ofκ-*** aging at higher temperatures led to an increase in carbide size and volume fraction,resulting in a gradual rise in *** deformation,the primary mechanisms for strengthening were dislocation strengthening and second-phase *** on these findings,potential strategies for improving material strength are proposed.
Thiosulfate gold leaching is one of the most promising green cyanide-free gold extraction processes;however, the difficulty of recovering Au(I) from the leaching system hinders its further development. This study prep...
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Methanol-to-olefins(MTO)process is one of the most critical pathways to produce low carbon ***,the reaction is driven by thermal catalysis,which inevitably needs to consume large amounts of fossil *** a new technique ...
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Methanol-to-olefins(MTO)process is one of the most critical pathways to produce low carbon ***,the reaction is driven by thermal catalysis,which inevitably needs to consume large amounts of fossil *** a new technique to substitute for the fuel burning is urgent for MTO process to improve the industry prospects and ***,we report a novel W_(18)O_(49)/Au/SAPO-34(W/Au/S),a multifunctional photothermal catalyst for the MTO reaction.A high methanol conversion was achieved under xenonum(Xe)lamp irradiation,yielding methyl ether(ME)and ethylene as the main *** optimized W/Au/S catalysts showed ethylene yield as high as 250μmol in 60 min,which was 2.5 times higher than that of Au/*** physiochemical characterization revealed that the SAPO-34 molecular sieves were surrounded by Au and W_(18)O_(49)nanoparticles,which exhibited a strong localized surface plasmon resonance excitation around 540 nm and light absorption beyond 500 *** multifunctional catalysts showed a strong photothermal effect,arising from the broadened light absorption of Au and W_(18)O_(49)nanoparticles,leading to a temperature as high as 250℃on the surface of the *** study showed that the superior ethylene selectivity of W/Au/S catalysts was attributed to the moderating acidic sites of W_(18)O_(49)for methanol dehydration to *** research may provide new insight for designing heterostructures to improve photo-to-chemical conversion performance and is expected to accelerate progress toward the excellent multifunctional photothermal catalysts with broad light absorption for methanol activation and C-C bond formation.
Owing to the significant potential of alkalin seawater electrolysis for converting surplus power into eco friendly hydrogen fuel,we developed bifunctional elec trodes that integrate low-crystalline NiFe LDHs and amorp...
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Owing to the significant potential of alkalin seawater electrolysis for converting surplus power into eco friendly hydrogen fuel,we developed bifunctional elec trodes that integrate low-crystalline NiFe LDHs and amorphous NiFe alloy on a Ni foam(NF)substrate to enhance this *** by the battery-like charac teristics of NiFe LDHs,an anti-corrosive and active oute layer of NiFe^(vac)OOH continuously forms over time in th hybrid on the anode for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),effectively mitigating powder shedding caused by corrosion induced by multiple anions in *** while,the strong bond between the hybrid and the NF substrate maintains intact hybrid coatings to ensure a rel atively high overall conductivity of the electrodes,signif icantly reducing the negative effects of structura degradation during the OER and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),as well as the accumulation of contami nants on the electrode *** long-term tests,thes bifunctionalhybridelectrodesmaintained stable performance,even at a high current density o500 mA·cm^(-2).The cell voltage increased by only 88 m V over 1000 h to 1.970 V during saline electrolysis and by103 mV over 500 h to 2.062 V during seawater electroly ***,this study provides valuable insights into efficient and stable seawater electrolysis using NiFe LDHs–NiFe alloy hybrids.
The growing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) in urban settings underscores the need for advanced decision-making frameworks designed to optimise energy efficiency and improve overall vehicle performance. Regenera...
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The growing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) in urban settings underscores the need for advanced decision-making frameworks designed to optimise energy efficiency and improve overall vehicle performance. Regenerative braking, a critical technology in EVs, facilitates energy recovery during deceleration, thereby enhancing efficiency and extending driving range. This study presents an innovative Q-learning-based approach to refine regenerative braking control strategies, aiming to maximise energy recovery, ensure passenger comfort through smooth braking, and maintain safe driving distances. The proposed system leverages real-time feedback on driving patterns, road conditions, and vehicle performance, enabling the Q-learning agent to autonomously adapt its braking strategy for optimal outcomes. By employing Q-learning, the system demonstrates the ability to learn and adjust to dynamic driving environments, progressively enhancing decision-making capabilities. Extensive simulations conducted within a smart city framework revealed substantial improvements in energy efficiency and notable reductions in energy consumption compared to conventional braking systems. The optimisation process incorporated a state space comprising vehicle speed, distance to the preceding vehicle, battery charge level, and road conditions, alongside an action space permitting dynamic braking adjustments. The reward function prioritised maximising energy recovery while minimising jerk and ensuring safety. Simulation outcomes indicated that the Q-learning-based system surpassed traditional control methods, achieving a 15.3% increase in total energy recovered (132.8 kWh), enhanced passenger comfort (jerk reduced to 7.6 m/s3), and a 13% reduction in braking distance. These findings underscore the system's adaptability across varied traffic scenarios. Broader implications include integration into smart city infrastructures, where the adaptive algorithm could enhance real-time traffic management,
NH_(3) in ambient air directly leads to an increase in the aerosol content in the air. These substances lead to the formation of haze to various environmental problems after atmospheric circulation and diffusion. Cont...
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NH_(3) in ambient air directly leads to an increase in the aerosol content in the air. These substances lead to the formation of haze to various environmental problems after atmospheric circulation and diffusion. Controlling NH_(3) emissions caused by ammonia escaping from mobile and industrial sources can effectively reduce the NH_(3) content in ambient air. Among the various NH_(3) removal methods, the selective catalytic oxygen method (NH_(3)-SCO) is committed to oxidizing NH_(3) to environmentally harmless H_(2)O and N_(2);therefore, it is the most valuable and ideal ammonia removal method. In this review, the characteristics of loaded and core-shell catalysts in NH_(3)-SCO have been reviewed in the context of catalyst structure-activity relationships, and the H_(2)O resistance and SO2 resistance of the catalysts are discussed in the context of practical application conditions. Then the effects of the valence state of the active center, oxygen species on the catalyst surface, dispersion of the active center and acidic sites on the catalyst performance are discussed comprehensively. Finally, the shortcomings of the existing catalysts are summarized and the catalyst development is discussed based on the existing studies.
To clarify whether the bond behavior of FRP rods fabricated by 3DP can be evaluated, a pull-out test was carried out with CF incorporation rate and the height of ribs(H) to the spacing of ribs(L) (H/L). As a result, i...
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