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Stochastic Optimal Control of an Optical Sorter With Material Recirculation

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 2025年第1期33卷 354-368页

作者： Walker, Markus Reith-Braun, Marcel Bauer, Albert Pfaff, Florian Maier, Georg Gruna, Robin Laengle, Thomas Beyerer, Juergen Kruggel-Emden, Harald Hanebeck, Uwe D. Karlsruhe Inst Technol Intelligent Sensor Actuator Syst Lab ISAS D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany Tech Univ Berlin Chair Mech Proc Engn & Solids Proc MVTA D-10587 Berlin Germany Univ Stuttgart Inst Ind Automat & Software Engn D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Fraunhofer Inst Optron Syst Technol & Image Exploi D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany

The optical bulk material sorting is a key technology on our way toward a circular economy and efficient recycling. However, controlling the sorting accuracy has so far been severely limited, as the achievable accuracy of conventional sorters is strongly determined by the mass flow and the mixing ratio of the incoming particle stream. To enable closed-loop control, in the previous work, we introduced a modification to the sorter design, in which controlled fractions of the already sorted mass flows are returned to the inlet of the sorter. In this article, we now propose two open-loop and two closed-loop feedback (CLF) stochastic model predictive controllers (MPCs) for the control of sorting systems with recirculation operating under dynamically changing conditions. In addition, we propose to integrate a desired minimum accuracy as a chance constraint into our controllers' stochastic formulation. Our evaluations using a coupled discrete element-computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD) simulation show that our controllers considerably improve on the system without recirculation and outperform the previously known controllers. Furthermore, we found that they are able to maintain a predefined minimum quality even in highly dynamic scenarios, making the approach highly valuable for tasks where achieving a certain quality at any point in time is crucial.

关键词： Sorting Stochastic processes Accuracy Optical feedback Optical mixing Recycling Optimal control Optical materials Computational modeling Belts Closed-loop feedback (CLF) finite-horizon global approaches open-loop feedback (OLF) optical sorting stochastic optimal control (SOC) trajectory optimization (TO)

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Fundamental Survey on Neuromorphic Based Audio Classification

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Basu, Amlan Chaudhari, Pranav Di Caterina, Gaetano Neuromorphic Sensor Signal Processing Lab Centre for Image and Signal Processing Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department University of Strathclyde Glasgow United Kingdom

Audio classification is paramount in a variety of applications including surveillance, healthcare monitoring, and environmental analysis. Traditional methods frequently depend on intricate signal processing algorithms and manually crafted features, which may fall short in fully capturing the complexities of audio patterns. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the architecture and functioning of the human brain, presents a promising alternative for audio classification tasks. This survey provides an exhaustive examination of the current state-of-the-art in neuromorphic-based audio classification. It delves into the crucial components of neuromorphic systems, such as Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), memristors, and neuromorphic hardware platforms, highlighting their advantages in audio classification. Furthermore, the survey explores various methodologies and strategies employed in neuromorphic audio classification, including event-based processing, spike-based learning, and bio-inspired feature extraction. It examines how these approaches address the limitations of traditional audio classification methods, particularly in terms of energy efficiency, real-time processing, and robustness to environmental noise. Additionally, the paper conducts a comparative analysis of different neuromorphic audio classification models and benchmarks, evaluating their performance metrics, computational efficiency, and scalability. By providing a comprehensive guide for researchers, engineers and practitioners, this survey aims to stimulate further innovation and advancements in the evolving field of neuromorphic audio classification. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Custom transistor layout design techniques for random telegraph signal noise reduction in CMOS image sensors

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2010年第19期46卷 1323-1324页

作者： Martin-Gonthier, P. Havard, E. Magnan, P. Univ Toulouse DEOS CIMI Integrated Image Sensor Lab ISAE F-31055 Toulouse France

Interface and near oxide traps in small gate area MOS transistors (gate area <1 mu m(2)) lead to RTS noise which implies the emergence of noisy pixels in CMOS image sensors. To reduce this noise, two simple and efficient layout techniques of custom transistors have been imagined. These techniques have been successfully implemented in an image sensor test chip fabricated in a 0.35 mu m CMOS image sensor process. Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction of the noisy pixels for the two different techniques.

关键词： CMOS image sensors CMOS image sensors MOSFET custom transistor layout design techniques integrated circuit layout random telegraph signal noise reduction size 0.35 mum small gate area MOS transistors

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CMOS image sensor Noise Analysis Through Noise Power Spectral Density Including Undersampling Effect Due to Readout Sequence

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 2014年第8期61卷 2834-2842页

作者： Martin-Gonthier, Philippe Magnan, Pierre Univ Toulouse Integrated Image Sensor Lab Inst Super Aeronaut & Espace F-31055 Toulouse France

This paper presents a noise analysis in the frequency domain using noise power spectral density and considering the undersampling process coming from the native readout circuit sequence of image sensors. It reveals aliasing effect impacting the noise level of the image sensor. Key parameters of the undersampling process, such as sampling period, power spectral density level, and type, are explored. Low-frequency noise and particularly 1/f noise impact show a major impact in results. The new calculation algorithm is implemented in MATlab software. Two CMOS image sensor technologies are used to perform a comparison between noise estimation and measurements. This comparison shows a very good correlation between estimations and measurements.

关键词： Aliasing APS CMOS image sensors (CIS) correlated double sampling (CDS) low-frequency noise (LFN) noise power spectral density thermal noise undersampling

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Earth System Data Cubes: Avenues for advancing Earth system research

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ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SCIENCE 2025年 3卷 e27-e27页

作者： Montero, David Kraemer, Guido Anghelea, Anca Aybar, Cesar Brandt, Gunnar Camps-Valls, Gustau Cremer, Felix Flik, Ida Gans, Fabian Habershon, Sarah Ji, Chaonan Kattenborn, Teja Martinez-Ferrer, Laura Martinuzzi, Francesco Reinhardt, Martin Soechting, Maximilian Teber, Khalil Mahecha, Miguel D. Univ Leipzig Remote Sensing Ctr Earth Syst Res RSC4Earth D-04103 Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Inst Earth Syst Sci & Remote Sensing D-04103 Leipzig Germany German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv D-04103 Leipzig Germany European Space Agcy ESA European Space Res Inst ESRIN I-00044 Frascati Italy Univ Valencia Image Proc Lab Valencia 46980 Spain Water Competence Ctr CCA Lima 15086 Peru Brockmann Consult GmbH D-21029 Hamburg Germany Max Planck Inst Biogeochem Jena Germany Univ Freiburg Sensor Based Geoinformat D-79106 Freiburg Germany Univ Freiburg Ctr Scalable Data Analyt & Artificial Intelligence D-79106 Freiburg Germany Univ Leipzig Image & Signal Proc Grp D-04109 Leipzig Germany UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Magdeburg Germany

Recent advancements in Earth system science have been marked by the exponential increase in the availability of diverse, multivariate datasets characterised by moderate to high spatio-temporal resolutions. Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) have emerged as one suitable solution for transforming this flood of data into a simple yet robust data structure. ESDCs achieve this by organising data into an analysis-ready format aligned with a spatio-temporal grid, facilitating user-friendly analysis and diminishing the need for extensive technical data processing knowledge. Despite these significant benefits, the completion of the entire ESDC life cycle remains a challenging task. Obstacles are not only of a technical nature but also relate to domain-specific problems in Earth system research. There exist barriers to realising the full potential of data collections in light of novel cloud-based technologies, particularly in curating data tailored for specific application domains. These include transforming data to conform to a spatio-temporal grid with minimum distortions and managing complexities such as spatio-temporal autocorrelation issues. Addressing these challenges is pivotal for the effective application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches. Furthermore, adhering to open science principles for data dissemination, reproducibility, visualisation, and reuse is crucial for fostering sustainable research. Overcoming these challenges offers a substantial opportunity to advance data-driven Earth system research, unlocking the full potential of an integrated, multidimensional view of Earth system processes. This is particularly true when such research is coupled with innovative research paradigms and technological progress.

关键词： Earth System Science Data Cubes Artificial Intelligence Data Life Cycle

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Detection of visible photons in CCD and CMOS: A comparative view

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2003年第1-3期504卷 199-212页

作者： Magnan, P SUPAERO Integrated Image Sensor Lab F-31055 Toulouse 4 France

CCD and CMOS detectors each have strengths and weaknesses coming from their architecture or their fabrication process. This paper I reviews their key architectural and technological differences that impact the photon detection performances and gives the future directions for CMOS detectors evolution. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： CCD CMOS detectors

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In-Pixel Source Follower Transistor RTS Noise Behavior Under Ionizing Radiation in CMOS image sensors

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 2012年第6期59卷 1686-1692页

作者： Martin-Gonthier, Philippe Goiffon, Vincent Magnan, Pierre Univ Toulouse Inst Super Aeronaut & Espace CIMI Integrated Image Sensor Lab F-31055 Toulouse France

This paper presents temporal noise measurement results for several total ionizing dose (TID) steps up to 2.19 Mrad of an image sensor designed with a 0.18-mu m CMOS image sensor process. The noise measurements are focused on the random telegraph signal (RTS) noise due to the in-pixel source follower transistor of the sensor readout chain inducing noisy pixels. Results show no significant RTS noise degradation up to 300 krad of TID. Beyond this TID step, a limited RTS noise degradation is observed, and for the 2.19-Mrad step, an additional increase of total noise, including thermal, 1/f, and RTS noises, is noted. Noisy pixels have been studied for high TIDs, and three cases have been observed: 1) no change on RTS behavior;2) creation of RTS behavior;and 3) modifications of RTS behavior.

关键词： Active-pixel sensor CMOS image sensors (CISs) correlated double sampling (CDS) ionizing radiation low-frequency noise (LFN) noisy pixels random telegraph signal (RTS) noise

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Novel Readout Circuit Architecture for CMOS image sensors Minimizing RTS Noise

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

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IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2011年第6期32卷 776-778页

作者： Martin-Gonthier, Philippe Magnan, Pierre Univ Toulouse Inst Super Aeronaut & Espace Integrated Image Sensor Lab F-31055 Toulouse France

This letter presents a novel readout architecture and its associated readout sequence for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CISs) based on switch biasing techniques in order to reduce noisy pixel numbers induced by in-pixel source-follower transistor random telegraph signal noise. Measurement results done on a test image sensor designed with 0.35-mu m CIS technology demonstrate an efficient reduction of noisy pixel numbers without a pixel performance decrease.

关键词： CMOS image sensor (CIS) correlated double sampling (CDS) low frequency noise (LFN) noisy pixel reduction random telegraph signal (RTS) noise

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Detection of visible photons in CCD and CMOS: A comparative view

Detection of visible photons in CCD and CMOS: A comparative ...

引用

3rd International Conference on New Developments in Photodetection

作者： Magnan, P SUPAERO Integrated Image Sensor Lab F-31055 Toulouse 4 France

关键词： CCD CMOS detectors

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Exploring the 3D integration technology for CMOS image sensors

Exploring the 3D integration technology for CMOS image senso...

引用

11th IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM)

作者： Raymundo, Fernando Martin-Gonthier, Phillipe Molina, Romain Rolando, Sebastien Magnan, Pierre Univ Toulouse CIMI Image Sensor Lab ISAE F-31055 Toulouse France

ISBN: (纸本)9781467362986

3D fabrication technologies allow microelectronic circuits such as processors or memories to achieve very high integration densities. These technologies applied to CMOS image sensors, make possible the implementation of specific processing architectures without damaging key parameters of CMOS imagers. This paper illustrates these benefits with an implementation of a 3D image sensor integrating at the pixel level a low noise circuit coupled to an analog to digital converter.

关键词： CMOS image sensor Three dimensional integration technology ADC parallelism

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