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The metabolic potential of inflammatory and insulinaemic dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes

DIABETOLOGIA 2024年第1期67卷 88-101页

作者： Lee, Dong Hoon Jin, Qi Shi, Ni Wang, Fenglei Bever, Alaina M. Liang, Liming Hu, Frank B. Song, Mingyang Zeleznik, Oana A. Zhang, Xuehong Joshi, Amit Wu, Kana Jeon, Justin Y. Meyerhardt, Jeffrey A. Chan, Andrew T. Eliassen, A. Heather Clish, Clary Clinton, Steven K. Giovannucci, Edward L. Li, Jun Tabung, Fred K. Yonsei Univ Dept Sport Ind Studies Seoul South Korea Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Nutr Boston MA 02115 USA Weber State Univ Dept Exercise & Nutr Sci Moyes Coll Educ Ogden UT USA Ohio State Univ Comprehens Canc Ctr Columbus OH 43210 USA Ohio State Univ Interdisciplinary PhD Program Nutr Columbus OH 43210 USA Ohio State Univ Div Med Oncol Dept Internal Med Coll Med Columbus OH 43210 USA Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Epidemiol Boston MA USA Harvard Med Sch Harvard MIT Div Hlth Sci & Technol Boston MA USA Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Biostat Boston MA USA Brigham & Womens Hosp Channing Div Network Med Boston MA USA Harvard Med Sch Boston MA USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Clin & Translat Epidemiol Unit Boston MA USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Div Gastroenterol Boston MA USA Yonsei Canc Ctr Canc Prevent Ctr Seoul South Korea Dana Farber Canc Inst Dept Med Oncol Boston MA USA Broad Inst MIT & Harvard Cambridge MA USA Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Immunol & Infect Dis Boston MA USA Ohio State Univ Div Epidemiol Coll Publ Hlth Columbus OH 43210 USA

Aims/hypothesisDiets with higher inflammatory and insulinaemic potential have been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unknown whether plasma metabolomic profiles related to proinflammatory/hyperinsulinaemic diets and to inflammatory/insulin biomarkers are associated with type 2 diabetes *** analysed 6840 participants from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study to identify the plasma metabolome related to empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH), four circulating inflammatory biomarkers and C-peptide. Dietary intakes were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires. Plasma metabolomic profiling was conducted by LC-MS/MS. Metabolomic signatures were derived using elastic net regression. Multivariable Cox regression was used to examine associations of the metabolomic profiles with type 2 diabetes *** identified 27 metabolites commonly associated with both EDIP and inflammatory biomarker z score and 21 commonly associated with both EDIH and C-peptide. Higher metabolomic dietary inflammatory potential (MDIP), reflecting higher metabolic potential of both an inflammatory dietary pattern and circulating inflammatory biomarkers, was associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. The HR comparing highest vs lowest quartiles of MDIP was 3.26 (95% CI 2.39, 4.44). We observed a strong positive association with type 2 diabetes risk for the metabolomic signature associated with EDIP-only (HR 3.75;95% CI 2.71, 5.17) or inflammatory biomarkers-only (HR 4.07;95% CI 2.91, 5.69). In addition, higher metabolomic dietary index for hyperinsulinaemia (MDIH), reflecting higher metabolic potential of both an insulinaemic dietary pattern and circulating C-peptide, was associated with greater type 2 diabetes risk (HR 3.00;95% CI 2.22, 4.06);further associations with type 2 diabetes were HR 2.79 (95% CI 2.07, 3.76) for EDIH-only signature an

关键词： Dietary pattern Hyperinsulinaemia Inflammation Metabolomics Type 2 diabetes

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"Should I stay or should I go?" Understanding the noninvolved partner's decision-making process following infidelity

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JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2019年第2期36卷 400-420页

作者： Shrout, M. Rosie Weigel, Daniel J. Univ Nevada Interdisciplinary Social Psychol PhD Program 1664 North Virginia StMailstop 1300 Reno NV 89557 USA Univ Nevada Human Dev & Family Studies Cooperat Extens Reno NV 89557 USA

Two studies were conducted to test a conceptual model that expands upon the roles of attribution and forgiveness after a partner's infidelity by integrating concepts from social network approval and attribution information selection (AIS) to examine how noninvolved partners in dating relationships decide to stay in or leave their relationships. Using a serial mediation model, we examined whether perceived social network approval was indirectly related to noninvolved partners' relationship decisions sequentially through AIS, attributions, and forgiveness after a hypothetical infidelity (Study 1) and an actual infidelity (Study 2). In Study 1, 198 participants imagined their partners cheated on them and then were randomly assigned into one of two groups for a social network manipulation. In Study 2, 115 participants whose partners had recently engaged in infidelity reported on their experiences. Both studies supported the serial decision-making model, indicating that perceived social network approval, AIS, attributions, and forgiveness serially impact noninvolved partners' relationship decisions following infidelity.

关键词： Attribution forgiveness infidelity information searching romantic relationships social network approval

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Sensation seeking and impulsivity as predictors of high-risk sexual behaviours among international travellers

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CURRENT ISSUES IN TOURISM 2020年第21期23卷 2716-2732页

作者： Paat, Yok-Fong Torres, Luis R. Morales, Danielle Xiaodan Srinivasan, Satish M. Sanchez, Sheralyn Univ Texas El Paso Dept Social Work El Paso TX 79968 USA Univ Houston Grad Coll Social Work Houston TX USA Univ Texas El Paso Dept Sociol & Anthropol El Paso TX 79968 USA Penn State Great Valley Sch Grad Profess Studies Malvern PA USA Univ Texas El Paso Interdisciplinary Hlth Sci PhD Program El Paso TX 79968 USA

Disease transmission across borders may occur during the context of international travel and is a critical public health arena for study. This study examined the associations between personality factors (sensation seeking and impulsivity) and international travellers' engagement in high-risk sexual behaviours during their trip(s) abroad. Overall, we found that the profile of high-risk and non-high-risk international travellers were statistically significantly different (i.e. high-risk international travellers had a higher tendency for sensation seeking and impulsivity;had a greater number of lifetime sexual partners;were more likely to be male, non-White, younger, non-married or not in a committed relationship, gay, lesbian or bisexual;and had lower educational attainment). Variables that positively predicted participants' high-risk sexual behaviours were measures of impulsivity, number of sexual partners, gender (i.e. being male), and educational attainment. The participants' age, however, was negatively associated with their high-risk sexual behaviours. Our study concurs with previous research findings suggesting that sensation seeking and impulsive behaviours are related to the practice of high-risk sexual behaviours. Findings from this study can be used to create more translational research in tourism for frequent international travellers.

关键词： International travellers high-risk sexual behaviours sensation seeking impulsivity sexually transmitted diseases

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Cis-regulatory analysis of Onecut1 expression in fate-restricted retinal progenitor cells

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NEURAL DEVELOPMENT 2020年第1期15卷 5-5页

作者： Patoori, Sruti Jean-Charles, Nathalie Gopal, Ariana Sulaiman, Sacha Gopal, Sneha Wang, Brian Souferi, Benjamin Emerson, Mark M. CUNY Grad Ctr Biol PhD Program New York NY 10016 USA CUNY City Coll Dept Biol 138Th St & Convent Ave New York NY 10031 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Doctoral Program Dept Chem & Biol Engn Ctr Biotechnol & Interdisciplinary Studies Troy NY 12180 USA Touro Coll Ostepath Med New York NY 10027 USA CUNY Grad Ctr Biochem PhD Program New York NY 10016 USA

Background The vertebrate retina consists of six major classes of neuronal cells. During development, these cells are generated from a pool of multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that express the gene Vsx2. Fate-restricted RPCs have recently been identified, with limited mitotic potential and cell fate possibilities compared to multipotent RPCs. One population of fate-restricted RPCs, marked by activity of the regulatory element ThrbCRM1, gives rise to both cone photoreceptors and horizontal cells. These cells do not express Vsx2, but co-express the transcription factors (TFs) Onecut1 and Otx2, which bind to ThrbCRM1. The components of the gene regulatory networks that control the transition from multipotent to fate-restricted gene expression are not known. This work aims to identify and evaluate cis-regulatory elements proximal to Onecut1 to identify the gene regulatory networks involved in RPC fate-restriction. Method We identified regulatory elements through ATAC-seq and conservation, followed by reporter assays to screen for activity based on temporal and spatial criteria. The regulatory elements of interest were subject to deletion and mutation analysis to identify functional sequences and evaluated by quantitative flow cytometry assays. Finally, we combined the enhancer::reporter assays with candidate TF overexpression to evaluate the relationship between the TFs, the enhancers, and early vertebrate retinal development. Statistical tests included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, or unpaired t-tests. Results Two regulatory elements, ECR9 and ECR65, were identified to be active in ThrbCRM1(+) restricted RPCs. Candidate bHLH binding sites were identified as critical sequences in both elements. Overexpression of candidate bHLH TFs revealed specific enhancer-bHLH interactions. Nhlh1 overexpression expanded ECR65 activity into the Vsx2(+) RPC population, and overexpression of NeuroD1/NeuroG2/NeuroD4 had a similar effect on ECR9. Furthermore, bHLHs that were able to ac

关键词： Retinal progenitor cells Multipotent Fate-restricted Cone photoreceptors Basic helix-loop-helix Chicken Electroporation

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Self-guide distinctions and episodic memory in L2 motivation: The case of Arabic in the United States

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SYSTEM 2019年 81卷 192-205页

作者： Blair, Ryan Azaz, Mahmoud Univ Arizona Sch Middle Eastern & North African Studies Marshall Bldg 440845 N Pk Ave Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona Interdisciplinary PhD Program Second Language Acq Marshall Bldg 440845 N Pk Ave Tucson AZ 85721 USA

The L2 Motivational Self System (Dornyei, 2009) has offered a model of second language (L2) motivation that considers the role of possible self-guides. This study examined an expanded version of this model by incorporating a distinction in the ought-to L2 self: ought-to L2 self/own and ought-to L2 self/others. Also, it examined the relationship between memory and L2 self-guides. A questionnaire was administered to L2 Arabic learners to capture core constructs of L2 motivation and memories of past experiences, known as episodic memory. The results indicated that L2 learning experience had the strongest direct effect and ideal L2 self had the strongest indirect effect on intended effort. L2 self-guides were most influential when mediated by L2 learning experience or ideal L2 self. However, ought-to L2 self/own and ought-to L2 self/others exhibited dichotomous behavior, in which ought-to L2 self/own had a positive effect and ought-to L2 self/others had a negative effect on intended effort. Importantly, associations between episodic memory and L2 self-guides were found but selective, driven presumably by shared emotional and self-relevant content. The study concludes that L2 self-guide distinctions exhibit different effects on L2 motivation in the target language context. Also, it concludes that L2 self-guides exhibit particular associations with episodic memory. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Antioxidation and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Ability of Coffee Pulp Extract by Ethanol

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JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021年第1期2021卷

作者： Chen, Cheng-You Shih, Chia-Hung Lin, Tzu-Che Zheng, Ji-Hong Hsu, Chien-Chieh Chen, Kai-Meng Lin, Yung-Sheng Wu, Chin-Tung Natl United Univ PhD Program Mat & Chem Engn Miaoli 360001 Taiwan Natl United Univ Dept Chem Engn Miaoli 360001 Taiwan Council Agr Miaoli Dist Agr Res & Extens Stn Miaoli 360001 Taiwan Natl Pingtung Univ Sci & Technol Dept Plant Ind Pingtung 912301 Taiwan Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol Coll Management Dept Bussiness Adm Touliu 640301 Yunlin Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chino Tung Univ Inst Food Safety & Hlth Risk Assessment Taipei 112304 Taiwan Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol Coll Future Bachelor Program Interdisciplinary Studies Touliu 640301 Yunlin Taiwan

Background. Following petroleum, coffee is the second most commonly traded commodity globally. It is also a popular good with economic value, as well as value in terms of leisure and culture. However, coffee processing generates a large amount of waste, resulting in environmental concerns. Therefore, in this study, ethanol was used to extract coffee waste (coffee pulp). High-performance liquid chromatography was conducted to examine the caffeine content and chlorogenic acid content, and the antioxidant capacity (i.e., the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH-free radical scavenging capacity, ABTS-free radical scavenging capacity, and reductive capacity) and the tyrosinase inhibition capacity of the coffee pulp extracted using ethanol were comprehensively evaluated. Results. The results showed that the coffee pulp extract obtained using 70% ethanol had the highest tyrosinase inhibition capacity, whereas that obtained using 50% ethanol had the most satisfactory antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH-free radical scavenging capacity, ABTS-free radical scavenging capacity, and reductive capacity). Conclusion. The results revealed that coffee pulp has superior antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase inhibition capacity when extracted by ethanol. Increasing the economic value of coffee pulp can solve the environmental concerns caused by coffee waste.

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The efficacy of league formats in ranking teams

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STATISTICAL MODELLING 2018年第5-6期18卷 411-435页

作者： Lasek, Jan Gagolewski, Marek Polish Acad Sci Inst Comp Sci Interdisciplinary PhD Studies Program Warsaw Poland Warsaw Univ Technol Fac Math & Informat Sci Warsaw Poland Polish Acad Sci Syst Res Inst Warsaw Poland

The efficacy of different league formats in ranking teams according to their true latent strength is analysed. To this end, a new approach for estimating attacking and defensive strengths based on the Poisson regression for modelling match outcomes is proposed. Various performance metrics are estimated reflecting the agreement between latent teams' strength parameters and their final rank in the league table. The tournament designs studied here are used in the majority of European top-tier association football competitions. Based on numerical experiments, it turns out that a two-stage league format comprising of the three round-robin tournament together with an extra single round-robin is the most efficacious setting. In particular, it is the most accurate in selecting the best team as the winner of the league. Its efficacy can be enhanced by setting the number of points allocated for a win to two (instead of three that is currently in effect in association football).

关键词： association football league formats rankings rating systems simulation tournament design

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Effects of Different Chenopodium formosanum Parts on Antioxidant Capacity and Optimal Extraction Analysis by Taguchi Method

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MATERIALS 2021年第16期14卷 4679-4679页

作者： Wu, Chin-Tung Wang, Wei-Hsun Lin, Wen-Shin Hu, Shiou-Yih Chen, Cheng-You Chang, Min-Yun Lin, Yung-Sheng Li, Chi-Ping Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol Coll Future Bachelor Program Interdisciplinary Studies Touliu 640301 Yunlin Taiwan Changhua Christian Hosp Dept Orthoped Surg Changhua 500209 Taiwan Kaohsiung Med Univ Sch Med Kaohsiung 807378 Taiwan Chaoyang Univ Technol Dept Golden Ager Ind Management Taichung 413310 Taiwan Shu Zen Jr Coll Med & Management Dept Med Imaging & Radiol Kaohsiung 821004 Taiwan Natl Chung Hsing Univ Coll Med Taichung 402202 Taiwan Natl United Univ Dept Chem Engn Miaoli 360001 Taiwan Natl Pingtung Univ Sci & Technol Dept Plant Ind Pingtung 912301 Taiwan Natl United Univ PhD Program Mat & Chem Engn Miaoli 360001 Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Inst Food Safety & Hlth Risk Assessment Taipei 112304 Taiwan

Chenopodium formosanum (CF), rich in nutrients and antioxidants, is a native plant in Taiwan. During the harvest, the seeds are collected, while the roots, stems, and leaves remain on the field as agricultural waste. In this study, di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and 2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability experiments of seeds, leaves, stems, and roots were designed using the Taguchi method (TM) under three conditions: Ethanol concentration (0-100%), temperature (25-65 degrees C), and extraction time (30-150 min). The result demonstrates that seeds and leaves have higher radical scavenging ability than stems and roots. Many studies focused on CF seeds. Therefore, this study selected CF leaves and optimized DPPH, ABTS, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and reducing power (RP) through TM, showing that the predicted value of the leaf is close to the actual value. The optimized results of CF leaves were DPPH 85.22%, ABTS 46.51%, TPC 116.54 mu g GAE/mL, TFC 143.46 mu g QE/mL, and RP 23.29 mu g VCE (vitamin C equivalent)/mL. The DPPH and ABTS of CF leaves were second only to the results of CF seeds. It can be seen that CF leaves have the potential as a source of antioxidants and help in waste reduction.

关键词： antioxidant Chenopodium formosanum leaf extract design of experiment Taguchi method

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Effects of socioeconomic status in cognition of people with schizophrenia: results from a Latin American collaboration network with 1175 subjects

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE 2022年第11期52卷 2177-2188页

作者： Czepielewski, Leticia Sanguinetti Maria Alliende, Luz Paz Castaneda, Carmen Castro, Mariana Guinjoan, Salvador M. Massuda, Raffael Berberian, Arthur A. Fonseca, Ana Olivia Gadelha, Ary Bressan, Rodrigo Crivelaro, Marisa Louza, Mario Undurraga, Juan Gonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso Nachar, Ruben Nieto, Rodrigo R. Montes, Cristian Silva, Hernan Langer, Alvaro, I Schmidt, Carlos Mayol-Troncoso, Rocio Diaz-Zuluaga, Ana M. Valencia-Echeverry, Johanna Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos Solis-Vivanco, Rodolfo Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo Crossley, Nicolas A. Gama, Clarissa S. Hosp Clin Porto Alegre Ctr Pesquisa Clin Lab Mol Psychiat Porto Alegre RS Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Inst Psicol Programa Posgrad Psicol Porto Alegre RS Brazil Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Sch Med Dept Psychiat Santiago Chile Inst Psiquiatr Dr J Horwitz Barak Early Intervent Program Santiago Chile FLENI CONICET Neurosci Inst Res Grp Neurosci Appl Abnormal Behav INAAC Grp Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Dept Psychiat & Mental Hlth Sch Med Fleni Teaching Unit Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Dept Physiol Sch Med Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires CONICET Fleni Teaching Unit Dept Psychiat & Mental HlthSch Med Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Fed Parana UFPR Dept Psiquiatria Curitiba Parana Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo Univ Fed Sao Paulo PROESQ EPM UNIFESP Programa Esquizofrenia Escola Paulista Med Sao Paulo Brazil Inst Psiquiatria HCFMUSP PROJESQ Programa Esquizofrenia Sao Paulo Brazil Clin Alemana Univ Desarrollo Fac Med Dept Neurol & Psychiat Santiago Chile Univ Finis Terrae Sch Med Santiago Chile Univ Chile Univ Psychiat Clin Clin Hosp Santiago Chile Univ Chile Fac Med Dept Psychiat & Mental Hlth Santiago Chile Univ Chile Fac Med Dept Neurosci Santiago Chile Univ Austral Chile Fac Med Inst Estudios Psicol Valdivia Chile Univ Austral Chile Ctr Interdisciplinary Studies Nervous Syst CISNe Valdivia Chile Millennium Nucleus Improve Mental Hlth Adolescent Santiago Chile Millennium Inst Res Depress & Personal MIDAP Santiago Chile Univ Barcelona Brain Cognit & Behav PhD Program Barcelona Spain Univ Antioquia Fac Med Dept Psychiat Res Grp Psychiat GIPSI Medellin Colombia Inst Nacl Neurol & Neurocirug Lab Neuropsychol Mexico City DF Mexico Inst Nacl Neurol & Neurocirug Lab Expt Psychiat Mexico City DF Mexico Inst Nacl Neurol & Neurocirug Neuropsychiat Dept Mexico City DF Mexico Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Biomed Imaging Ctr Santiago Chile

Background Cognition heavily relies on social determinants and genetic background. Latin America comprises approximately 8% of the global population and faces unique challenges, many derived from specific demographic and socioeconomic variables, such as violence and inequality. While such factors have been described to influence mental health outcomes, no large-scale studies with Latin American population have been carried out. Therefore, we aim to describe the cognitive performance of a representative sample of Latin American individuals with schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical factors. Additionally, we aim to investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) relates to cognitive performance in patients and controls. Methods We included 1175 participants from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico): 864 individuals with schizophrenia and 311 unaffected subjects. All participants were part of projects that included cognitive evaluation with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and clinical assessments. Results Patients showed worse cognitive performance than controls across all domains. Age and diagnosis were independent predictors, indicating similar trajectories of cognitive aging for both patients and controls. The SES factors of education, parental education, and income were more related to cognition in patients than in controls. Cognition was also influenced by symptomatology. Conclusions Patients did not show evidence of accelerated cognitive aging;however, they were most impacted by a lower SES suggestive of deprived environment than controls. These findings highlight the vulnerability of cognitive capacity in individuals with psychosis in face of demographic and socioeconomic factors in low- and middle-income countries.

关键词： Cognition low- and middle-income countries schizophrenia social factors

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Role of dietary potassium and salt substitution in the prevention and management of hypertension

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HYPERTENSION RESEARCH 2025年第1期48卷 301-313页

作者： Chia, Yook-Chin He, Feng J. Cheng, Maong-Hui Shin, Jinho Cheng, Hao-Min Sukonthasarn, Apichard Wang, Tzung-Dau Van Huynh, Minh Buranakitjaroen, Peera Sison, Jorge Siddique, Saulat Turana, Yuda Verma, Narsingh Tay, Jam Chin Schlaich, Markus P. Wang, Ji-Guang Kario, Kazoumi Sunway Univ Sch Med & Life Sci Dept Med Sci Bandar Sunway Malaysia Univ Malaya Fac Med Dept Primary Care Med Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Queen Mary Univ London Wolfson Inst Populat Hlth Barts & London Sch Med & Dent Charterhouse Sq London England Hanyang Univ Fac Cardiol Serv Med Ctr Seoul South Korea Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ PhD Program Interdisciplinary Med PIM Coll Med Taipei Taiwan Taipei Vet Gen Hosp Div Fac Dev Taipei Taiwan Taipei Vet Gen Hosp Ctr Evidence Based Med Taipei Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Coll Med Inst Publ Hlth Taipei Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Coll Med Inst Hlth & Welf Policy Taipei Taiwan Chiang Mai Univ Fac Med Div Cardiol Dept Internal Med Chiang Mai Thailand Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp Cardiovasc Ctr Dept Internal Med Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp Div Cardiol & Hosp Med Dept Internal Med Taipei Taiwan Univ Med & Pharm Hue Univ Dept Internal Med Hue City Vietnam Mahidol Univ Fac Med Siriraj Hosp Dept Med Div Hypertens Bangkok Thailand Med Ctr Manila Sect Cardiol Manila Philippines Punjab Med Ctr Lahore Pakistan Atma Jaya Catholic Univ Indonesia Sch Med & Hlth Sci Dept Neurol Jakarta Indonesia King Georges Med Univ Dept Physiol Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India Tan Tock Seng Hosp Dept Gen Med Singapore Singapore Univ Western Australia Royal Perth Hosp Unit Med Sch Dobney Hypertens Ctr Perth WA Australia Univ Western Australia Royal Perth Hosp Res Fdn Perth WA Australia Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Inst Hypertens Ctr Epidemiol Studies & Clin TrialsDept Hyperten Shanghai Key Lab HypertensRuijin HospSch Med Shanghai Peoples R China Jichi Med Univ Dept Med Div Cardiovasc Med Sch Med Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the leading cause of deaths and disability worldwide and the major contributor is hypertension. Despite all the improvements in detecting hypertension together with technological advances and affordable, efficacious and relatively free of adverse effects anti-hypertensive agents, we continue to struggle to prevent the onset of hypertension and to control blood pressure (BP) to acceptable targets. The poor control of hypertension is commonly due to non-adherence to medications. Another reason is the failure to adopt diet and lifestyle changes. Reduction of dietary salt intake is important for lowering BP but the role of potassium intake is also important. Globally the intake of sodium is double that of the recommended 2 gm per day (equivalent to 5 gm of sodium chloride/salt) and half that of the daily recommended intake of potassium of 3500 mg/day, giving a sodium-to-potassium ratio of >1, when ideally it should be <1. Many studies have shown that a higher potassium intake is associated with lower BPs, particularly when coupled concurrently with a lower sodium intake giving a lower sodium to potassium ratio. Most hypertension guidelines, while recommending reduction of salt intake to a set target, do not specifically recommend a target for potassium intake nor potassium supplementation. Here we review the role of potassium and salt substitution with potassium in the management of hypertension. Hence, the focus of dietary changes to lower BP and improve BP control should not be on reduction of salt intake alone but more importantly should include an increase in potassium intake.

关键词： Dietary potassium Salt substitution Prevention Hypertension Sodium to potassium ratio

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