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arXiv 2024年

作者： Liu, Diyang Li, Yichao Tramonte, Denis Deng, Furen Wang, Jiaxin Wang, Yougang Zhang, Xin Chen, Xuelei College of Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China Department of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University 111 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou215123 China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Institute of Astronomy University of Cambridge Madingley Road CambridgeCB3 0HA United Kingdom National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China

Filaments stand as pivotal structures within the cosmic web. However, direct detection of the cold gas content of the filaments remains challenging due to its inherent low brightness temperature. With the TNG hydrodynamical simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of isolating faint filament Hi signal from the FAST Hi intensity mapping (IM) survey through pairwise stacking of galaxies, which yields an average Hi filament signal amplitude of ∼ 0.28 μK at z ≈ 0.1. However, our simulations reveal a non-negligible contribution from Hi-rich galaxies within or near the filaments. Particularly, the faint galaxies dominantly contribute to the extra filament Hi signal. Our simulation also shows that the measurement uncertainty is produced by both thermal noise and background variation caused by brightness leakage from surrounding random galaxies. Given a fixed total observation time, a wide-field Hi IM survey, which includes a large number of galaxy pairs, can simultaneously reduce thermal noise to below the filament signal level and minimize background variation to a negligible level. Through the end-to-end simulation, this work demonstrates the critical role of the galaxy pairwise stacking method in future filament Hi detection, outlining a road map for filament HI detection in the next-generation Hi IM surveys. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Thermal noise

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THE MOLECULAR CLOUD LIFECYCLE II: FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS DIAGNOSED VIA H2 FLUORESCENT EMISSION

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Burkhart, Blakesley Bialy, Shmuel Seifried, Daniel Walch, Stefanie Hamden, Erika Haworth, Thomas J. Hoadley, Keri Kong, Shuo Johnson, Madisen Jeffreson, Sarah Krumholz, Mark R. Lee, Min-Young Sternberg, Amiel Turner, Neal J. Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers University 136 Frelinghuysen Rd PiscatawayNJ08854 United States Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute 162 Fifth Avenue New YorkNY10010 United States Physics Department Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa31000 Israel I. Physics Institute University of Cologne Zülpicher Str. 77 Cologne50937 Germany Center for Data and Simulation Science www.cds.unikoeln.de Cologne Germany Steward Observatory University of Arizona TucsonAZ85719 United States Astronomy Unit School of Physics and Astronomy Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Iowa Van Allen Hall Iowa CityIA52242 United States Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA United States Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics Australian National University CanberraACT2600 Australia Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeok-daero Daejeon34055 Korea Republic of Department of Astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology 217 Gajeong-ro Daejeon34113 Korea Republic of Tel Aviv University P.O. Box 39040 Tel Aviv6997801 Israel Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91109 United States

Molecular hydrogen (H2) formation and dissociation are key processes that drive the gas lifecycle in galaxies. Using the SImulating the LifeCycle of Molecular Clouds (SILCC) zoom-in simulation suite, we explore the utility of future observations of H2 dissociation and formation for tracking the lifecycle of molecular clouds. The simulations used in this work include non-equilibrium H2 formation, stellar radiation, sink particles, and turbulence. We find that, at early times in the cloud evolution, H2 formation rapidly outpaces dissociation and molecular clouds build their mass from the atomic reservoir in their environment. Rapid H2 formation is also associated with a higher early star formation rate. For the clouds studied here, H2 is strongly out of chemical equilibrium during the early stages of cloud formation but settles into a bursty chemical steady-state about 2 Myrs after the first stars form. At the latest stage of cloud evolution, dissociation outweighs formation and the clouds enter a dispersal phase. We discuss how theories for the molecular cloud lifecycle and the star formation efficiency may be distinguished with observational measurements of H2 fluorescence with a space-based high-resolution FUV spectrometer, such as the proposed Hyperion and Eos NASA Explorer missions. Such missions would enable measurements of the H2 dissociation and formation rates, which we demonstrate can be connected to different phases in a molecular cloud’s star-forming life, including cloud building, rapidly star-forming, H2 chemical equilibrium, and cloud destruction. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Dissociation

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FAST drift scan survey for Hi intensity mapping: II. stacking-based primary beam construction for FAST L-band 19 feeds at 1.4 GHz

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Zhao, Xinyang Li, Yichao Yang, Wenxiu Deng, Furen Wang, Yougang Wu, Fengquan Wang, Xin Sun, Xiaohui Zhang, Xin Chen, Xuelei Liaoning Key Laboratory of Cosmology and Astrophysics College of Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China School of Astronomy and Space Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Institute of Astronomy University of Cambridge Madingley Road CambridgeCB3 0HA United Kingdom School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-Sen University No. 2 Daxue Rd. Zhuhai519082 China CSST Science Center for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area SYSU China School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Kunming650091 China National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China

Neutral hydrogen (Hi) intensity mapping (IM) presents great promise for future cosmological large-scale structure surveys. However, a major challenge for Hi IM cosmological studies is to accurately subtract the foreground contamination. An accurate beam model is crucial for improving foreground subtraction accuracy. In this work, we develop a stacking-based beam reconstruction method utilizing the radio continuum point sources within the drift-scan field. Based on the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), we employ two series of drift-scan survey data and merge the measurements to construct the beam patterns of the FAST L-band 19 feeds. To model the beams, we utilize the Zernike polynomial (ZP), which effectively captures asymmetric features of the main beam and the different side lobes. Due to the symmetric location of the beams, the main features of the beams are closely related to the distance from the center of the feed array, e.g., as the distance increases, side lobes become more pronounced. This modeling pipeline leverages the stable drift-scan data to extract beam patterns exclude the reflector’s changing effects, and provides a more accurate measurement beam and a more precise model beam for FAST Hi IM cosmology surveys. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cosmology

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The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Niinuma, Kotaro Hada, Kazuhiro Doi, Akihiro Hagiwara, Yoshiaki Higuchi, Aya E. Honma, Mareki Kawashima, Tomohisa Kolev, Dimitar Koyama, Shoko Masui, Sho Ohsuga, Ken Sano, Hidetoshi Takami, Hideki Tsunetoe, Yuh Uzawa, Yoshinori Akahori, Takuya Akiyama, Yuto Galison, Peter Hayashi, Takayuki J. Hirota, Tomoya Inoue, Makoto Iwata, Yuhei Johnson, Michael D. Kino, Motoki Kofuji, Yutaro Mizuno, Yosuke Moriyama, Kotaro Nagai, Hiroshi Nakamura, Kenta Notsu, Shota Ono, Fumie Oya, Yoko Oyama, Tomoaki Rana, Hannah Saida, Hiromi Saito, Ryo Saito, Yoshihiko Sasada, Mahito Sawada-Satoh, Satoko Takahashi, Mikiya M. Takamura, Mieko Tong, Edward Tsuji, Hiroyuki Yoshioka, Shogo Watanabe, Yoshimasa Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory WestfordMA01886 United States Mizusawa VLBI Observatory National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Iwate023-0861 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi753-8512 Japan The Graduate School of Science Nagoya City University Aichi467-0001 Japan Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Kanagawa252-5210 Japan Department of Space and Astronautical Science The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Kanagawa229-8510 Japan Natural Science Laboratory Toyo University Tokyo112-8606 Japan Division of Science School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Denki University Saitama350-0394 Japan Department of Astronomy Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo Chiba277-8582 Japan Space Communication Systems Laboratory Wireless Networks Research Center National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Tokyo184-8795 Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Niigata950-2181 Japan Advanced Technology Center National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Tokyo181-8588 Japan Center for Computational Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki305-8577 Japan Faculty of Engineering Gifu University Gifu501-1193 Japan Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Azabu Junior and Senior High School Tokyo106-0046 Japan Astronomical Science Program The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Tokyo181-8588 Japan Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica Taipei10617 Taiwan Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian CambridgeMA02138 United States Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering Academic Support Center 2665-1 Nakano Hachioji Tokyo192-0015 Japan Tsung-Dao Lee Institut

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a next-generation space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that will extend the ground-based millimeter/submillimeter arrays into space. The mission, closely aligned with the science priorities of the Japanese VLBI community, involves an active engagement of this community in the development of the mission, resulting in the formation of the Black Hole Explorer Japan Consortium. Here we present the current Japanese vision for the mission, ranging from scientific objectives to instrumentation. The Consortium anticipates a wide range of scientific investigations, from diverse black hole physics and astrophysics studied through the primary VLBI mode, to the molecular universe explored via a potential single-dish observation mode in the previously unexplored 50-70 GHz band that would make BHEX the highest-sensitivity explorer ever of molecular oxygen. A potential major contribution for the onboard instrument involves supplying essential elements for its high-sensitivity dual-band receiving system, which includes a broadband 300 GHz SIS mixer and a space-certified multi-stage 4.5K cryocooler akin to those used in the Hitomi and XRISM satellites by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Additionally, the Consortium explores enhancing and supporting BHEX operations through the use of millimeter/submillimeter facilities developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, coupled with a network of laser communication stations operated by the National Institute of Information and Communication technology. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Radio astronomy

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Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949-2019)

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Journal of Geographical sciences 2021年第1期31卷 3-45页

作者： CHEN Fahu WU Shaohong CUI Peng CAI Yunlong ZHANG Yili YIN Yunhe LIU Guobin OUYANG Zhu MA Wei YANG Linsheng WU Duo LEI Jiaqiang ZHANG Guoyou ZOU Xueyong CHEN Xiaoqing TAN Minghong WANG Xunming BAO Anming CHENG Weixin DANG Xiaohu WEI Binggan WANG Guoliang WANG Wuyi ZHANG Xingquan LIU Xiaochen LI Shengyu Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchCASBeijing 100101China CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation CASBeijing 100101China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment CASChengdu 610041China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources CASLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography CASUrumqi 830011China The Geographical Society of China Beijing 100101China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China College of Geology and Environment Xi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi’an 710054China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research CASBeijing 100101China

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas;geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of physical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.

关键词： physical geography scientific practice applied research regional development national strategy

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Correction to: PIXL: Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry

引用

space science Reviews 2021年第2期217卷 1-6页

作者： Abigail C. Allwood Lawrence A. Wade Marc C. Foote William Timothy Elam Joel A. Hurowitz Steven Battel Douglas E. Dawson Robert W. Denise Eric M. Ek Martin S. Gilbert Matthew E. King Carl Christian Liebe Todd Parker David A. K. Pedersen David P. Randall Robert F. Sharrow Michael E. Sondheim George Allen Kenneth Arnett Mitchell H. Au Christophe Basset Mathias Benn John C. Bousman David Braun Robert J. Calvet Benton Clark Luca Cinquini Sterling Conaby Henry A. Conley Scott Davidoff Jenna Delaney Troelz Denver Ernesto Diaz Gary B. Doran Joan Ervin Michael Evans David T. Flannery Ning Gao Johannes Gross John Grotzinger Brett Hannah Jackson T. Harris Cathleen M. Harris Yejun He Christopher M. Heirwegh Christina Hernandez Eric Hertzberg Robert P. Hodyss James R. Holden Christopher Hummel Matthew A. Jadusingh John L. Jørgensen Jonathan H. Kawamura Amarit Kitiyakara Kris Kozaczek James L. Lambert Peter R. Lawson Yang Liu Thomas S. Luchik Kristen M. Macneal Soren N. Madsen Scott M. McLennan Patrick McNally Patrick L. Meras Richard E. Muller Jamie Napoli Bret J. Naylor Peter Nemere Igor Ponomarev Raul M. Perez Napat Pootrakul Raul A. Romero Rogelio Rosas Jared Sachs Rembrandt T. Schaefer Michael E. Schein Timothy P. Setterfield Vritika Singh Eugenie Song Mary M. Soria Paul C. Stek Nicholas R. Tallarida David R. Thompson Michael M. Tice Lars Timmermann Violet Torossian Allan Treiman Shihchuan Tsai Kyle Uckert Juan Villalvazo Mandy Wang Daniel W. Wilson Shana C. Worel Payam Zamani Mike Zappe Fang Zhong Richard Zimmerman Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA University of Washington Seattle USA Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook USA Battel Engineering Scottsdale USA Moxtek Inc. Orem USA Measurement & Instrumentation Systems National Space Institute Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark XOS East Greenbush USA Space Physics Research Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA Space Science Institute Boulder USA Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA XIA LLC Hayward USA Hertzberg Engineering Mountain View USA Texas A&M University College Station USA Lunar and Planetary Institute Houston USA

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://***/10.1007/s11214-021-00801-2

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Charged AdS black hole and the quantum tunneling from black hole to white hole

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Phat, T.H. Anh, N.T. Nguyen, Toan T. Quyet, H.V. Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission 59 Ly Thuong Kiet Hanoi Viet Nam Faculty of Energy Technology Electric Power University 235 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Viet Nam Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems Department of Theoretical Physics University of Science Vietnam National University − Hanoi 334 Nguyen Trai street Thanh Xuan Hanoi100000 Viet Nam Department of Physics Hanoi Pedagogical University 2 Vinh Phuc Phuc Yen15000 Viet Nam

In this paper, we show that depending on the sign of the electric charge Q, the charged AdS black hole (BH) possesses two alternative facets when the cosmological constant is identified to the thermodynamic pressure P. It is discovered that: 1) the equation of state of BH corresponds to Q > 0 and when Q changes from Q > 0 to Q WH (T) which releases in this process equals with minus sign the latent heat of BH, too;3) Finally, the probability of the quantum tunneling from the BH to the WH is obtained. We suggest the perspective of application of the results above to the AdS/CFT duality. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gravitation

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Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2024年

作者： Raducan, S.D. Jutzi, M. Cheng, A.F. Zhang, Y. Barnouin, O. Collins, G.S. Daly, R.T. Davison, T.M. Ernst, C.M. Farnham, T.L. Ferrari, F. Hirabayashi, M. Kumamoto, K.M. Michel, P. Murdoch, N. Nakano, R. Pajola, M. Rossi, A. Agrusa, H.F. Barbee, B.W. Syal, M. Bruck Chabot, N.L. Dotto, E. Fahnestock, E.G. Hasselmann, P.H. Herreros, I. Ivanovski, S. Li, J.-Y. Lucchetti, A. Luther, R. Ormö, J. Owen, M. Pravec, P. Rivkin, A.S. Robin, C.Q. Sánchez, P. Tusberti, F. Wünnemann, K. Zinzi, A. Epifani, E. Mazzotta Manzoni, C. May, B.H. Physics Institute University of Bern Switzerland Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LaurelMD United States Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London United Kingdom Department of Aerospace Science and Technology Politecnico di Milano Italy Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA United States Department of Aerospace Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCA United States Université Côte dAzur Observatoire de la Côte dAzur CNRS Laboratoire Lagrange Nice France University of Tokyo Department of Systems Innovation School of Engineering Tokyo Japan Université de Toulouse Toulouse France INAF OAPD Astronomical Observatory of Padova Italy IFAC CNR FI Sesto Fiorentino Italy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD United States INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Italy Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States CSIC INTA Carretera de Ajalvir km4 Torrejón de Ardoz28850 Spain INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Trieste Italy Planetary Science Institute TucsonAZ United States Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany Astronomical Institute The Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Republic Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO United States Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Space Science Data Center Italy London Stereoscopic Company London United Kingdom

On September 26, 2022, NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission successfully impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of the binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. Numerical simulations of the impact provide a means to explore target surface material properties and structures, consistent with the observed momentum deflection efficiency, ejecta cone geometry, and ejected mass. Our simulation, which best matches observations, indicates that Dimorphos is weak, with a cohesive strength of less than a few pascals (Pa), similar to asteroids (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. We find that a bulk density of Dimorphos, ρB, lower than ≈ 2400 kg/m3, and a low volume fraction of boulders ( 40 vol%) on the surface and in the shallow subsurface, are consistent with measured data from the DART experiment. These findings suggest Dimorphos is a rubble pile that might have formed through rotational mass shedding and re-accumulation from Didymos. Our simulations indicate that the DART impact caused global deformation and resurfacing of Dimorphos. ESA’s upcoming Hera mission may find a re-shaped asteroid, rather than a well-defined crater. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Asteroids

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An adaptive high-order unfitted finite element method for elliptic interface problems

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Chen, Zhiming Li, Ke Xiang, Xueshuang LSEC Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Mathematical Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology China Academy of Space Technology Beijing100194 China

We design an adaptive unfitted finite element method on the Cartesian mesh with hanging nodes. We derive an hp-reliable and efficient residual type a posteriori error estimate on K-meshes. A key ingredient is a novel hp-domain inverse estimate which allows us to prove the stability of the finite element method under practical interface resolving mesh conditions and also prove the lower bound of the hp a posteriori error estimate. Numerical examples are included. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Finite element method

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Application of the view factor model on the particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo collision code

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Physical Review E 2020年第3期102卷 033311-033311页

作者： Ruojian Pan Junxue Ren Haibin Tang Shuai Cao Juan Li Zhe Zhang Jun Zhou Jinbin Cao School of Space and Environment Beihang University Beijing 100083 China School of Astronautics Beihang University Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Design Optimization and Dynamic Simulation Technologies Ministry of Education Beijing 100083 China Laboratory of Space Environment monitoring and Information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Beijing 100083 China National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology & Physics Lanzhou Institute of Physics Lanzhou 730000 China School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100083 China

Particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) has been widely adopted as a simulation method for electric propulsion. However, neutral atoms move much more slowly than other species, which can cause a serious reduction in simulation speed. In this work, we investigate the view factor model in combination with the PIC-MCC method and propose a method for simulating three-dimensional neutral atoms. The accuracy of the PIC-MCC method can be significantly improved by updating the neutral distribution periodically. We compare the computational results with the fixed-neutral PIC-MCC model of the miniature ring-cusp discharge experiment at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The plasma distribution and potential distribution of the simulation match well with the UCLA experimental data. Compared with the fixed-neutral model, the view factor model increases the simulation time by only 33% while it improves the distribution accuracy of neutrals, plasma density, and electric potential, and reduces the simulation errors of discharge current and discharge power from 19.8% to 9.8%. The accuracy of PIC-MCC simulation has been improved at the expense of slightly increasing the computational time.

关键词： Particle-in-cell methods

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