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Spectral distribution of uv-b irradiance derived by synthetic model compared with simulation res.lts of Tuv and ground measurements - art. no. 62980L

Spectral distribution of UV-B irradiance derived by syntheti...

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Conference on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability III

作者： Wang, Xinli Gao, Wei Slusser, James R. Davis, John Gao, Zhiqiang Scott, Gwen Olson, becky Krotkov, Nickolay Xu, Min Liang, Xin-Zhong Colorado State Univ Natl Resource Ecol Lab USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463779

Multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers are deployed in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand by the usda (United States Department of Agriculture) uv-b (ultraviolet-b) monitoring and res.arch program to measure uv-b irradiances at seven discrete wavelengths. A synthetic model is used to construct the continuous spectral distribution, from which irradiance integrals can be performed for various purposes. The derived spectral data are posted for public use through a web accessible database. Although the synthetic model has been validated with a certain data set, few works have been seen to compare the res.lts of the synthetic model with simulations of other widely accepted models such as Tuv. Through this comparison the validation of the synthetic model can be further confirmed and alternative techniques for constructing spectral irradiances from discrete narrowband measurements can also be explored. In this study the data from the usda uv-b monitoring and res.arch program are used to evaluate the synthetic model and to explore the capability of the Tuv model for constructing continuous spectra from discrete measurements. Simulations of the Tuv model are compared with discrete measurements, erythema-weighted broadband measurements, and the res.lts of the synthetic model. Good agreements between derived res.lts by using Tuv model and the synthetic model with measurements in general further confirm the validation of the synthetic model. Generally, the spectral irradiances constructed by using synthetic model are lower than those by using the Tuv model at very shorter wavelengths (< 301 nm) and at the wavelengths of 315-342 nm, but are higher at other wavelengths. The ratio of erythemal doses derived by using the Tuv simulation to broadband measurements varies between 0.87-1.02. Constructed erythemal doses by using the Tuv simulation are closer to broadband measurements than those obtained by using the synthetic model. These res.lts suggest that the Tuv model m

关键词： uv-b radiation spectrum retrieval synthetic model Tuv

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The impact of precipitation and temperature on net primary productivity in Xinjiang, China from 1981 to 2000

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2nd Workshop of the Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing

作者： Gao, Wei Gao, Zhiqiang Pan, Xiaoling Slusser, James Yimit, Hamid Ma, Yingjun Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab USDA UVB Monitoring & Res Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geograph Sci Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Internat Ctr Desert Affairs Res Sustainable Dev Arid Urumqi Peoples R China Colorado State Univ USDA UV B Monitoring Res Program Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Envronm Xinjiang Univ Coll Resources Urumqi Peoples R China

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Comparison of ultraviolet data from colocated instruments from the US EPA brewer Spectrophotometer Network and the US Department of Agriculture uv-b monitoring and res.arch program

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2005年第4期44卷 041009-1-041009页

作者： Kimlin, MG Slusser, JR Schallhorn, KA Lantz, K Meltzer, RS Univ Georgia Dept Phys & Astron Natl Ultraviolet Monitoring Ctr Athens GA 30602 USA Queensland Univ Technol Sch Publ Hlth Ctr Hlth Res Brisbane Qld 4509 Australia Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab USDA V B Monitoring Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Natl Ocean & Atmospher Assoc Cent UV Calibrat Facil Boulder CO 80305 USA

Several ground-based ultraviolet (uv) monitoring networks exist in the United States, each of which is unique in the instrumentation employed for measurements. Two of these uv networks are the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) brewer Spectrophotometer Network and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (usda's) uv-b monitoring network, with a combined instrument total of 52 sites, with 32 sites located in the mainland United States. The brewer records full sky spectra from 287 to 363 nm with 0.55-nm res.lution, whereas the usda instrument is a broadband device that measures.broadband erythemally weighted uv data. To date, limited comparisons of data collected from these networks have been analyzed for comparative and quality assurance (QA) purposes. The data we use is taken from sites where instruments from each program are colocated, namely, big bend National Park, Texas, and Everglades National Park, Florida. To reduce the contribution of errors in the brewer-based instruments, the raw data is corrected for stray light rejection, the angular res.onse of the full sky diffuser, the temperature dependence of the instruments, and the temporal variation. This reduces the estimated errors of the absolute irradiance values of each brewer spectral measurement to approximately +/- 5%. The estimated uncertainty of the usda instruments is approximately +/- 6% with a systematic bias of (-13 to 5% depending on the total ozone) and is comprised of (1) standard lamp measurement errors, (2) spectral res.onse determination, and (3) the angular res.onse of the diffuser. We perform comparisons between the brewer spectrally integrated and erythemally weighted uv irradiance measurements and the data collected by the broadband erythemal uv meters at colocated sites between 1997 through to 2002. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： ultraviolet monitoring networks spectral measurement irradiance

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Simultaneous retrievals of column ozone and aerosol optical properties from direct and diffuse solar irradiance measurements

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL res.ARCH-ATMOSPHEres 2005年第D5期110卷

作者： Goering, CD L'Ecuyer, TS Stephens, GL Slusser, JR Scott, G Davis, J barnard, JC Madronich, S Colorado State Univ Dept Atmospher Sci Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Pacific NW Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA Colorado State Univ USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Natl Ctr Atmospher Res Div Atmospher Chem Boulder CO 80307 USA

A retrieval technique has been developed to simultaneously determine column ozone amounts and aerosol optical properties using surface observations of solar ultraviolet direct normal and diffuse horizontal irradiance from a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer. The retrieval consists of a bayesian scheme involving a tropospheric ultraviolet radiative transfer model. The technique was tested using cloud-free observations collected during a Mexico City Metropolitan Area air pollution field campaign from April to May 2003. Retrieval res.lts compared favorably to those of independent techniques, including ozone amounts from a direct-Sun method, Langley-derived aerosol optical depths, and aerosol single-scattering albedos from a direct-to-diffuse irradiance ratio technique. Further comparisons were performed between the measurements and model simulations when using the retrieval res.lts as inputs, both from the proposed technique and the combined independent methods. Simulations using the res.lts of the new method were found to agree with the observations within the assumed limits of measurement and model uncertainty. It is anticipated that the technique will be applied across a 33-site network of radiometers maintained by the U. S. Department of Agriculture uv-b monitoring and res.arch program for development of aerosol climatologies and for providing ground validation for satellite measurements.

关键词： optimal estimation aerosol optical depth aerosol single scattering albedo ozone ultraviolet radiation Mexico City

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International intercomparison of multiband filter radiometers in Oslo 2005

International intercomparison of multiband filter radiometer...

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Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI

作者： Johnsen, b. Kjeldstad, b. Aalerud, T.N. Nilsen, L.T. Schreder, J. blumthaler, M. bernhard, G. bagheri, A. bhattarai, b. Topaloglou, C. Zablocki, G. Meinander, O. Høiskar, b.A. Haugen, R. Durham, W.S. Janson, G. Marrero, A.R. Dahlback, A. bolsée, D. Slusser, J.R. Stamnes, J. Torres. C. Smedley, A.R.D. Paulsson, L.-E. Lakkala, K. Webb, A.R. Ørbæk, J.b. Grimenes, A.A. Ringstad, T. Lange, T. Josefsson, W. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Grini Næringspark 13 N-1332 Østerås Norway Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dept. of Physics N-7491 Trondheim Norway Eggerstrasse 8 A-6322 Kirchbichl Austria Innsbruck Medical University Div. for Biomed. Phys. Muellerstr. 44 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria Biospherical Instruments s Inc. 5340 Riley Street San Diego CA 92110 United States Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Centre of Aerology PL-05119 Legionowa Poland Finnish Meteorological Institute P. O. Box 503 FIN-00101 Helsinki Finland Norwegian Institute for Air Research P. O. Box 100 N-2007 Kjeller Norway Colorado State University USDA/UVB Monitoring Program 419 Canyon Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 United States Observatorio Atmoferico de Izaña Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia ES-38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain Dept. of Physics University of Oslo P. O. Box 1048 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Avenue Circulaire 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium Dept. of Physics University of Bergen Allégt. 55 N-5007 Bergen Norway SEAES Univ. of Manchester Sackville street Building Manchester M60 1QD United Kingdom Swedish Radiation Protection Authority SE-171 16 Stockholm Sweden Finnish Meteorological Institute Arctic Research Centre Tähteläntie 62 FIN-99600 Sodankylä Finland Norwegian Polar Institute Polar Environmental Centre N-9296 Tromsø Norway Norwegian University of Life Sciences Mathematics and Technology P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Aas Norway Geophysical Institute University of Bergen Allegt. 70 N-5007 Bergen Norway Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SMHI Res. and Devel SE-601 76 Norrköping Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)0819464570

Multiband filter radiometers (MbFRs) are extensively used in national networks for uv climate monitoring and information to the public about the potential risk of solar uv exposure. In order to provide an international, uniform expres.ion of the Global uv index measurements, a harmonized calibration scale is needed. In this paper we pres.nt the res.lts of the first international intercomparison of MbFRs held in Oslo in 2005. The purposes are to evaluate the uv-index scale of different radiometers and to provide a harmonized uv-index scale based on the radiometers individual directional and absolute spectral res.onse functions. In total 43 MbFR radiometers and 4 high res.lution spectroradiometers were assembled, repres.nting uv-monitoring networks operated by institutions in US, Spain, Greece, Poland, belgium, UK, Austria, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The radiometers are operating worldwide, with stations in the Antarctica and Arctic, North- and South-America, Africa, Europe, Middle-East and Nepal. All sky conditions were realized during the campaign period. The agreement between the users' own processed uvI and the reference is generally very good;within ±5% for 22 out of 26 data sets (75%) and ±10% for 23 out of 26 (88%). Solar zenith dependent discrepancies and drift in the users' uvI scales is seen, but the performance of most radiometers is generally very good. All the objectives planned for the intercomparison were fulfilled and the campaign considered a success.

关键词： Radiometers

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Development of land surface albedo parameterization based on Moderate res.lution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL res.ARCH-ATMOSPHEres 2005年第D11期110卷

作者： Liang, XZ Xu, M Gao, W Kunkel, K Slusser, J Dai, YJ Min, QL Houser, PR Rodell, M Schaaf, Cb Gao, F Univ Illinois Dept Nat Resources Illinois State Water Survey Champaign IL 61820 USA Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Beijing Normal Univ Sch Geog Res Ctr Remote Sensing Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Sch Geog GIS Beijing 100875 Peoples R China SUNY Albany Atmospher Sci Res Ctr Albany NY 12205 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Hydrol Sci Branch Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Boston Univ Ctr Remote Sensing Dept Geog Boston MA 02215 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Biospher Sci Branch Greenbelt MD 20771 USA

[ 1] A new dynamic-statistical parameterization of snow-free land surface albedo is developed using the Moderate res.lution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) products of broadband black-sky and white-sky reflectance and vegetation and the North American and Global Land Data Assimilation System ( LDAS) outputs of soil moisture during 2000 - 2003. The dynamic component repres.nts the predictable albedo dependences on solar zenith angle, surface soil moisture, fractional vegetation cover, leaf plus stem area index, and greenness, while the statistical part repres.nts the correction for static effects that are specific to local surface characteristics. All parameters of the dynamic and statistical components are determined by solving nonlinear constrained optimization problems of a physically based conceptual model for the minimization of the bulk variances between simulations and observations. They all depend on direct beam or diffuse radiation and visible or near-infrared band. The dynamic parameters are also functions of land cover category, while the statistical factors are specific to geographic location. The new parameterization realistically repres.nts surface albedo variations, including the mean, shape, and distribution, around each dependent parameter. For composites of all temporal and spatial samples of the same land cover category over North America, correlation coefficients between the dynamic component of the new parameterization and the MODIS data range from 0.39 to 0.88, while relative errors vary within 8 - 42%. The gross (i.e., integrated over all categories) correlations and errors are 0.57 - 0.71 and 17 - 26%, changing with direct beam or diffuse radiation and visible or near-infrared band. The static local correction res.lts in a further reduction in relative errors, producing gross values of 11 - 21%. The new parameterization is a marked improvement over the existing albedo scheme of the state-of-the-art Common Land Model ( CLM), which has correl

关键词： albedo parameterization vegetation MODIS

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Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to ultraviolet-b radiation and carbon dioxide

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PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004年第2期121卷 250-257页

作者： Kakani, VG Reddy, KR Zhao, D Gao, W Mississippi State Univ Dept Plant & Soil Sci Mississippi State MS 39762 USA Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of uv-b radiation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) on leaf senescence of cotton by measuring leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll content and to identify changes in leaf hyperspectral reflectance occurring due to senescence and uv-b radiation. Plants were grown in controlled-environment growth chambers at two [CO2] (360 and 720 mumol mol(-1)) and three levels of uv-b radiation (0, 7.7 and 15.1 kJ m(-2) day(-1)). Photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carotenoids and phenolic compounds along with leaf hyperspectral reflectance were measured on three leaves aged 12, 21 and 30 days in each of the treatments. No interaction was detected between [CO2] and uv-b for any of the measured parameters. Significant interactions were observed between uv-b and leaf age for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Elevated [CO2] enhanced leaf photosynthesis by 32%. On exposure to 0, 7.7 and 15.1 kJ of uv-b, the photosynthetic rates of 30-day-old leaves compared with 12-day-old leaves were reduced by 52, 76 and 86%, res.ectively. Chlorophyll pigments were not affected by leaf age at uv-b radiation of 0 and 7.7 kJ, but uv-b of 15.1 kJ reduced the chlorophylls by 20, 60 and 80% in 12, 21 and 30-day-old leaves, res.ectively. The hyperspectral reflectance between 726 and 1142 nm showed interaction for uv-b radiation and leaf age. In cotton, leaf photosynthesis can be used as an indicator of leaf senescence, as it is more sensitive than photosynthetic pigments on exposure to uv-b radiation. This study revealed that, cotton leaves senesced early on exposure to uv-b radiation as indicated by leaf photosynthesis, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance can be used to detect changes caused by uv-b and leaf ageing.

关键词： Gossypium-hirsutum l Leaf senescence uv-b brassica-napus Photosyntheticdecline Growth res.onses Arabidopsis Maize Water.

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Interactive effects of ultraviolet-b radiation and temperature on cotton physiology, growth, development and hyperspectral reflectance

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PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTObIOLOGY 2004年第5期79卷 416-427页

作者： Reddy, KR Kakani, VG Zhao, D Koti, S Gao, W Mississippi State Univ Dept Plant & Soil Sci Mississippi State MS 39762 USA Colorado State Univ USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

Current conditions of 2-11 kJ m(-2) day(-1) of uv-b radiation and temperatures.of >30degreesC during flowering in cotton cultivated regions are projected to increase in the future. A controlled environment study was conducted in sunlit growth chambers to determine the effects of uv-b radiation and temperature on physiology, growth, development and leaf hyperspectral reflectance of cotton. Plants were grown in the growth chambers at three day/night temperatures.(24/16degreesC, 30/22degreesC and 36/28degreesC) and three levels of uv-b radiation (0, 7 and 14 kJ m(-2) day) at each temperature from emergence to 79 days under optimum nutrient and water conditions. Increases in main stem node number and the node of first fruiting branch and decrease in duration to first flower bud (square) and flower were recorded with increase in temperature. Main effects of temperature and uv-b radiation were significant for net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of uppermost, fully expanded leaves during squaring and flowering. A significant interaction between temperature and uv-b radiation was detected for total biomass and its components. The uv-b radiation of 7 kJ m(-2) day(-1) reduced boll yield by 68% and 97% at 30/22degreesC and 36/28degreesC, res.ectively, compared with yield at 0 kJ m(-2) day(-1) and 30/22degreesC. No bolls were produced in the three temperature treatments under 14 kJ m(-2) day(-1) uv-b radiation. The first-order interactions between temperature, uv-b radiation and leaf age were significant for leaf reflectance. This study suggests a growth- and process-related temperature dependence of sensitivity to uv-b radiation.

关键词： GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM L. ZEA-MAYS L LEAF SENESCENCE PHOTOSYNTHETICACTIVITIES VIGNA-UNGUICULATA EARTHS SURFACE CARbON-DIOXIDE MAIZE LEAVES res.ONSES PLANTS

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Effects of supplementary ultraviolet-b irradiance on maize yield and qualities: A field experiment

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PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTObIOLOGY 2004年第1期80卷 127-131页

作者： Gao, W Zheng, YF Slusser, JR Heisler, GM Grant, RH Xu, JQ He, DL Colorado State Univ Nat Resource Ecol Lab USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Nanjing Inst Meteorol Dept Environm Sci Nanjing Peoples R China US Forest Serv NE Res Stn USDA Syracuse NY USA Purdue Univ Dept Agron W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Stratospheric ozone depletion has caused an increase in the amount of ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation reaching the earth's surface. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of uv-b enhancements on plants includes reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility to disease and changes in plant structure and pigmentation. Many experiments examining uv-b radiation effects on plants have been conducted in growth chambers or greenhouses. It has been questioned whether the effect of uv-b radiation on plants can be extrapolated to field res.onses from indoor studies because of the unnaturally high ratios of uv-b/ ultraviolet-A radiation (320-400 nm) and uv-b/photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in many indoor studies. Field studies on uv-b radiation effect on plants have been recommended to use the uv and PAR irradiance provided by natural light. This study reports the growth and yield res.onses of a maize crop exposed to enhanced uv-b radiation and the uv-b effects on maize seed qualities under field conditions. Enhanced uv-b radiation caused a significant reduction in the dry matter accumulation and the maize yield in turn was affected. With increased uv-b radiation the flavonoid accumulation in maize leaves increased and the contents of chlorophyll a, b and (a + b) of maize leaves were reduced. The levels of protein, sugar and starch of maize seed decreased with enhanced uv-b radiation, whereas the level of lysine increased with enhanced uv-b radiation.

关键词： .Photobiology photochemistry stratospheric ozone irradiance MAIZE YIELD enhanced uv qualities uv Effects maize seed dry matter

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Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-b irradiance on maize yield formation and structure: A field evaluation

Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiance on maize yield f...

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Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models and Effects III

作者： Gao, W Zheng, YF Slusser, J He, YH Zhang, RG Colorado State Univ USDA UV B Monitoring & Res Program Nat Resource Ecol Lab Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819450294

Stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced solar ultraviolet-b (uv-b) irradiance may have adverse impacts on the productivity of agricultural crops. Though only a small portion of the total solar electromagnetic spectrum, uv-b irradiance has a disproportionately large photobiological effect, largely because it is readily absorbed by important macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of uv-b enhancements on plants includes a reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility to disease, and changes in plant structure and pigmentation. Many experiments examining uv-b radiation effects on plants were conducted in growth chambers or greenhouses. It has been questioned if the effect of uv-b radiation on plants can be extrapolated to field res.onses from indoor studies because of the unnaturally high ratios of uv-b/uv-A and uv-b/PAR in many indoor studies. Field studies on uv-b radiation effect on plants have been recommended in order to use the uv and PAR irradiance provided by natural light. This study found the maize yield formation and yield structural elements res.onded to enhanced uv-b radiation under field conditions. Enhanced uv-b radiation caused a significant reduction of the dry matter accumulation and the maize grain yield in turn was affected. Analysis of yield structure indicates that the maize yield decreased with increased uv-b radiation and was evidently related to the decreased kernel weight and kernel number per ear.

关键词： uv-b radiation maize yield yield structure

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